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Theme 1 Climate Processes and Change

T.1.1 Large-scale Antarctic Climate Dynamics: Past, Present and Future

1. Abram, N.J., Purich, A., England, M.H., McCormack, F.S., Strugnell, J.M., Bergstrom, D.M., Vance, T.R., Stål, T., Wienecke, B., Heil, P., Doddridge, E.W., Sallée, J.-B., Williams, T.J., Reading, A.M., Mackintosh, A., Reese, R., Winkelmann, R., Klose, A.K., Boyd, P.W., Chown, S.L., & Robinson, S.A. (2025). Emerging evidence of abrupt changes in the Antarctic environment. Nature, 644, 621—633. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09349-5
2. Boschat, G., Power, S., Chung, C., Gillett, Z.E., Cowan, T., Narsey, S., & Purich, A. (2026). Covariability in Large-Scale Climate Modes: Implications for Australian Precipitation Variability. Journal of Climate, 39(3), 997—1014. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-24-0651.1
3. Boschat, G., Purich, A., Rudeva, I., & Arblaster, J. (2023). Impact of zonal and meridional atmospheric flow on surface climate and extremes in the southern hemisphere. Journal of Climate, 36, 5041—5061. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0251.1
4. Cai, W., Gao, L., Luo, Y., Li, X., Zheng, X., Zhang, X., Cheng, X., Jia, F., Purich, A., Santoso, A., Du, Y., Holland, D.M., Shi, J.-R., Xiang, B., & Xie, S.-P. (2023). Southern Ocean warming and its climatic impacts. Science Bulletin, 68(9), 946—960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.049
5. Cai, W., Jia, F., Li, S., Purich, A., Wang, G., Wu, L., Gan, B., Santoso, A., Geng, T., Ng, B., Yang, Y., Ferreira, D., Meehl, G.A., & McPhaden, M.J. (2023). Antarctic shelf ocean warming and sea ice melt affected by projected El Niño changes. Nature Climate Change, 13, 235—239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01610-x
6. Campitelli, E., Purich, A., Arblaster, J., Lim, E.-P., Wheeler, M.C., & Reid, P. (2026). The importance of initial conditions in seasonal predictions of Antarctic sea ice. The Cryosphere, 20(4), 2557—2587. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2557-2026
7. Chen, J.-J., Swart, N.C., Beadling, R., Cheng, X., Hattermann, T., Jüling, A., Li, Q., Marshall, J., Martin, T., Muilwijk, M., Pauling, A.G., Purich, A., Smith, I.J., & Thomas, M. (2023). Reduced Deep Convection and Bottom Water Formation Due To Antarctic Meltwater in a Multi-Model Ensemble. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(24), e2023GL106492. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106492
8. Chown, S.L., Leihy, R.I., Naish, T.R., Brooks, C.M., Convey, P., Henley, B.J., Mackintosh, A.N., Phillips, L.M., Kennicutt, M.C. II, & Grant, S.M. (Eds.) (2022). Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment: A Decadal Synopsis and Recommendations for Action. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom. https://documents.ats.aq/atcm44/att/atcm44_att111_e.pdf
9. Constable, A.J., Harper, S., Dawson, J., Holsman, K., Mustonen, T., Piepenburg, D., & Rost, B. (2022). Cross-Chapter Paper 6: Polar Regions. In: H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, & B. Rama (Eds.), Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 2319—2368). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.023. [Contributing author: Robinson, S.]
10. D’Olivo, J.P., Zinke, J., Goyal, R., England, M.H., Purich, A., Corrège, T., Zorita, E., Scholz, D., Weber, M., & Carriquiry, J.D. (2024). Coral Sr/Ca-SST reconstruction from Fiji extending to ~1370 CE reveals insights into the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Science Advances, 10(33), eado5107. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado5107
11. Duffy, G.A., Montiel, F., Purich, A., & Fraser, C.I. (2024). Emerging long-term trends and interdecadal cycles in Antarctic polynyas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(11), e2321595121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2321595121
12. Eaves, S.R., Mackintosh, A.N., Pedro, J.B., Bostock, H.C., Ryan, M.T., Norton, K.P., Hayward, B.W., Anderson, B.M., He, F., Jones, R.S., Lorrey, A.M., Newnham, R.M., Tims, S.G., & Vandergoes, M.J. (2024). Coupled atmosphere-ocean response of the southwest Pacific to deglacial changes in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 641, 118802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118802
13. Falster, G.M., Wright, N.M., Abram, N.J., Ukkola, A.M., & Henley, B.J. (2024). Potential for historically unprecedented Australian droughts from natural variability and climate change. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 28(6), 1383—1401. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1383-2024
14. Fan, X., Peterson, T.J., Henley, B.J., & Arora, M. (2023). Groundwater Sensitivity to Climate Variations Across Australia. Water Resources Research, 59(11), e2023WR035036. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR035036
15. Freund, M.B., Brown, J.R., Marshall, A.G., Tozer, C.R., Henley, B.J., Risbey, J.S., Ramesh, N., Lieber, R., & Sharmila, S. (2024). Interannual ENSO diversity, transitions, and projected changes in observations and climate models. Environmental Research Letters, 19, 114005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad78db
16. Gillett, Z.E., Hendon, H.H., Arblaster, J.M., & Lin, H. (2023). Sensitivity of the Southern Hemisphere Wintertime Teleconnection to the Location of ENSO Heating. Journal of Climate, 36, 2497—2514. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0159.1
17. Grose, M.R., Narsey, S., Trancoso, R., Mackallah, C., Delage, F., Dowdy, A., Di Virgilio, G., Watterson, I., Dobrohotoff, P., Rashid, H.A., Rauniyar, S., Henley, B., Thatcher, M., Syktus, J., Abramowitz, G., Evans, J.P., Su, C.-H., & Takbash, A. (2023). A CMIP6-based multi-model downscaling ensemble to underpin climate change services in Australia. Climate Services, 30, 100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100368
18. Heidemann, H., Cowan, T., Henley, B.J., Ribbe, J., Freund, M., & Power, S. (2023). Variability and long-term change in Australian monsoon rainfall: A review. WIREs Climate Change, 14(3), e823. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.823
19. Heidemann, H., Cowan, T., Power, S.B., & Henley, B.J. (2024). Statistical relationships between the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Climate Dynamics, 62, 2499—2515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-07035-8
20. Kirschbaum, M.U.F., Cowie, A.L., Peñuelas, J., Smith, P., Conant, R.T., Sage, R.F., Brandão, M., Cotrufo, M.F., Luo, Y., Way, D.A., & Robinson, S.A. (2024). Is tree planting an effective strategy for climate change mitigation? Science of The Total Environment, 909, 168479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168479
21. Kubiszewski, I., Adams, V.M., Baird, R., Boothroyd, A., Costanza, R., MacDonald, D.H., Finau, G., Fulton, E.A., King, C.K., King, M.A., Lannuzel, D., Leane, E., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Ooi, C.-S., Raghavan, M., Senigaglia, V., Stoeckl, N., Tian, J., & Yamazaki, S. (2025). Cascading tipping points of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Ambio, 54, 642—659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-024-02101-9
22. Lim, E.-P., Thompson, D.W.J., Butler, A.H., Wheeler, M.C., Nakamura, H., Jucker, M., Arblaster, J.M., Hendon, H.H., Newman, P.A., & Coy, L. (2026). Characteristics of Antarctic Stratospheric Variability During Winter: A Case Study of the 2024 Sudden Stratospheric Warming and Its Surface Impacts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 131(1), e2025JD045089. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD045089
23. Lim, E.-P., Zhou, L., Young, G., Abhik, S., Rudeva, I., Hope, P., Wheeler, M.C., Arblaster, J.M., Hendon, H.H., Manney, G.L., Son, S.W., Oh, J., & Garreaud, R.D. (2024). Predictability of the 2020 Strong Vortex in the Antarctic Stratosphere and the Role of Ozone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 129(20), e2024JD040820. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD040820
24. Macha, J.M.A., Mackintosh, A.N., McCormack, F.S., Henley, B.J., McGregor, H.V., van Dalum, C.T., & Purich, A. (2025). How do extreme ENSO events affect Antarctic surface mass balance? The Cryosphere, 19(5), 1915—1935. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1915-2025
25. McCormack, F.S., Cook, S., Goldberg, D.N., Nakayama, Y., Seroussi, H., Nias, I., An, L., Slater, D., & Hattermann, T. (2024). The case for a Framework for UnderStanding Ice-Ocean iNteractions (FUSION) in the Antarctic-Southern Ocean system. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 12(1), 00036. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2024.00036
26. McKay, R.C., Boschat, G., Rudeva, I., Pepler, A., Purich, A., Dowdy, A., Hope, P., Gillett, Z.E., & Rauniyar, S. (2023). Can southern Australian rainfall decline be explained? A review of possible drivers. WIREs Climate Change, 14(3), e820. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.820
27. Mondol, M.A.H., Zhu, X., Dunkerley, D., & Henley, B.J. (2022). Technological drought: a new category of water scarcity. Journal of Environmental Management, 321, 115917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115917
28. Parker, R.L., Riesselman, C.R., Truax, O.J., Jones, R.S., Lee, J.I., Lee, M.K., Jacobsen, G., Rosenheim, B.E., Subt, C., Zawadzki, A., Ginnane, C., Naeher, S., Dunbar, G., McKay, R.M., Levy, R., Turnbull, J., & Yoo, K.-C. (2025). Synchronous mid-Holocene marine and terrestrial deglaciation in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Nature Communications, 16(1), 11291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65494-
29. Power, S., Lengaigne, M., Capotondi, A., … & Henley, B.J. (2021). Decadal climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Characteristics, causes, predictability and prospects. Science, 374(6563), eaay9165. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay9165
30. Purich, A., Arblaster, J.M., Boschat, G., Gillett, Z.E., Hobbs, W., Jucker, M., Lim, E.-P., Udy, D., Abram, N., Campitelli, E., Doddridge, E., England, M.H., King, A., Menviel, L., Meyer, A., Ortiz Guzmán, V., Roy, R., Rudeva, I., Spence, P., Strutton, P.G., & Ziehn, T. (2026). Southern Annular Mode dynamics, projections and impacts in a changing climate. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 7, 24—42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00746-y
31. Purich, A., & Doddridge, E.W. (2023). Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state. Communications Earth & Environment, 4, 314. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9
32. Robbins, D.J.V., Poulsen, C.A., Siems, S.T., Proud, S.R., Prata, A.T., Grainger, R.G., & Povey, A.C. (2024). Geostationary aerosol retrievals of extreme biomass burning plumes during the 2019–2020 Australian bushfires. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 17(10), 3279—3302. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3279-2024
33. Roberts, J.L., Jong, L.M., McCormack, F.S., Kiem, A.S., Curran, M.A.J., Moy, A.D., Macha, J.M.A., Plummer, C.T., French, W.J.R., & Ommen, T.D.V. (2025). Segmented linear integral correlation Kernel ensemble reconstruction: A new method for climate reconstructions with applications to Holocene era proxies from an East Antarctic ice core. PLOS ONE, 20(4), e0318825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318825
34. Roy, R., Arblaster, J.M., Wheeler, M.C., & Lim, E.-P. (2025). Understanding MJO Teleconnections to the Southern Hemisphere Extratropics During El Niño, La Niña, and Neutral Years. Geophysical Research Letters, 52(9), e2024GL113395. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113395
35. Shea, H., Gallant, A., Purich, A., & Vance, T.R. (2025). Climate influences on sea salt variability at Mount Brown South, East Antarctica. Climate of the Past, 21(11), 2009—2030. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2009-2025
36. Sreenath, A.V., Alinejadtabrizi, T., Siems, S., May, P.T., Zhang, H., & Schulz, E. (2025). The impact of synoptic meteorology on observed surface heat fluxes over the Southern Ocean. Weather and Climate Dynamics, 6(4), 1797—1813. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1797-2025
37. Swart, N.C., Martin, T., Beadling, R., Chen, J.-J., Danek, C., England, M.H., Farneti, R., Griffies, S.M., Hattermann, T., Hauck, J., Haumann, F.A., Jüling, A., Li, Q., Marshall, J., Muilwijk, M., Pauling, A.G., Purich, A., Smith, I.J., & Thomas, M. (2023). The Southern Ocean Freshwater Input from Antarctica (SOFIA) Initiative: scientific objectives and experimental design. Geoscientific Model Development, 16(24), 7289—7309. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023
38. Zhang, X., Purich, A., Deser, C., & Pauling, A.G. (2026). Robust Yet Diverse Tropical Responses to Antarctic Meltwater Across Models. Geophysical Research Letters, 53(6), e2025GL120291. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL120291

T1.2 Climate Projections

1. Arzey, A.K., McGregor, H.V., Clark, T.R., Webster, J.M., Lewis, S.E., Mallela, J., McKay, N.P., Fahey, H.W., Chakraborty, S., Razak, T.B., & Fischer, M.J. (2024). Coral skeletal proxy records database for the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Earth System Science Data, 16(10), 4869—4930. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4869-2024
2. Henley, B.J., McGregor, H.V., King, A.D., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Arzey, A.K., Karoly, D.J., Lough, J.M., DeCarlo, T.M., & Linsley, B.K. (2024). Highest ocean heat in four centuries places Great Barrier Reef in danger. Nature, 632, 320—326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07672-x
3. O’Connor, J.A., Henley, B.J., Brookhouse, M.T., & Allen, K.J. (2022). Ring-width and blue-light chronologies of Podocarpus lawrencei from southeastern mainland Australia reveal a regional climate signal. Climate of the Past, 18(12), 2567—2585. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2567-2022
4. Xu, X., Martin, T., Beadling, R.L., Liu, J., Bischof, S., Hattermann, T., Huo, W., Li, Q., Marshall, J.C., Muilwijk, M., Pauling, A.G., Purich, A., Smith, I.J., Swart, N.C., & Thomas, M. (2025). Robustness and Mechanisms of the Atmospheric Response Over the Southern Ocean to Idealized Freshwater Input Around Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 52(10), e2024GL113734. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113734

T1.3 Drivers of Ice Sheet Change

1. Audet, A.C., Putnam, A.E., Russell, J.L., Lorrey, A., Mackintosh, A., Anderson, B., & Denton, G.H. (2022). Correspondence among mid-latitude glacier equilibrium line altitudes, atmospheric temperatures, and westerly wind fields. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(23), e2022GL099897. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099897
2. Beckmann, J., & Winkelmann, R. (2023). Effects of extreme melt events on ice flow and sea level rise of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 17(7), 3083—3099. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3083-2023
3. Bhat, S.Y., Cooper, E.-L., Tielidze, L.G., Rashid, I., & Mackintosh, A.N. (2025). Glacial and periglacial geomorphology of the Drang Drung, Haskira, and Pensilungpa glaciers, Trans-Himalayan Ladakh, India. Journal of Maps, 21(1), 2521422. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2025.2521422
4. Bird, L.A., McCormack, F.S., Beckmann, J., Jones, R.S., & Mackintosh, A.N. (2025). Assessing the sensitivity of the Vanderford Glacier, East Antarctica, to basal melt and calving. The Cryosphere, 19(2), 955—973. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-955-2025
5. Bird, L.A., Ogarko, V., Aillères, L., Grose, L., Giraud, J., McCormack, F.S., Gwyther, D.E., Roberts, J.L., Jones, R.S., & Mackintosh, A. (2025). Gravity-derived Antarctic bathymetry using the Tomofast-x open-source code: a case study of Vincennes Bay. The Cryosphere, 19(8), 3355—3380.
6. Chuter, S.J., Zammit-Mangion, A., Rougier, J., Dawson, G., & Bamber, J.L. (2022). Mass evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula over the last 2 decades from a joint Bayesian inversion. The Cryosphere, 16(4), 1349—1367. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1349-2022
7. Cooper, E.-L., Stevens, M., Jones, R.S., & Mackintosh, A. (2025). Can we use springtails to improve our understanding of Antarctic Ice Sheet history? — A case study from Dronning Maud Land. Quaternary Science Reviews, 356, 109297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109297
8. Delhasse, A., Beckmann, J., Kittel, C., & Fettweis, X. (2024). Coupling MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) with PISM (Parallel Ice Sheet Model) mitigates the positive melt–elevation feedback. The Cryosphere, 18(2), 633—651. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-633-2024
9. Ehrenfeucht, S., Dow, C., McArthur, K., Morlighem, M., & McCormack, F.S. (2025). Antarctic Wide Subglacial Hydrology Modeling. Geophysical Research Letters, 52(1), e2024GL111386. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111386
10. Jones, R.S., Johnson, J., Lin, Y., Mackintosh, A., Sefton, J., Smith, J., Thomas, L., & Whitehouse, P. (2022). Stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the pre-Industrial Holocene. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 3, 500—515. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00309-5
11. Jones, R.S., Miller, L.E., & Westoby, M.J. (2024). How can geomorphology facilitate a better understanding of glacier and ice sheet behaviour? Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 49(12), 3677—3683. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5932
12. Jones, R.S., Liu, W.P.A., Baird, H.P., Phillips, L.M., Halberstadt, A.R., & Chown, S.L. (2026). Antarctic biodiversity can improve estimates of ice-sheet collapse and future sea-level rise. One Earth, 9(5), 101681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2026.101681
13. Lau, S.C.Y., Wilson, N.G., Golledge, N.R., Naish, T.R., Watts, P.C., Silva, C.N.S., Cooke, I.R., Allcock, A.L., Mark, F.C., Linse, K., & Strugnell, J.M. (2023). Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial. Science, 382, 1384—1389. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade0664
14. Macha, J.M.A., Mackintosh, A.N., McCormack, F.S., Henley, B.J., McGregor, H.V., van Dalum, C.T., & Purich, A. (2024). Distinct Central and Eastern Pacific El Niño Influence on Antarctic Surface Mass Balance. Geophysical Research Letters, 51(11), e2024GL109423. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL109423
15. Mackintosh, A. (2022). Thwaites Glacier and the bed beneath. Nature Geoscience, 15, 687—688. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01020-2
16. Mas e Braga, M., Jones, R.S., Bernales, J., et al. (2023). A thicker Antarctic ice stream during the mid-Pliocene warm period. Communications Earth & Environment, 4, 321. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00983-3
17. McArthur, K., McCormack, F.S., & Dow, C.F. (2023). Basal conditions of Denman Glacier from glacier hydrology and ice dynamics modeling. The Cryosphere, 17(11), 4705—4727. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4705-2023
18. McCormack, F.S., Roberts, J.L., Dow, C.F., Stål, T., Halpin, J.A., Reading, A.M., & Siegert, M.J. (2022). Fine-scale geothermal heat flow in Antarctica can increase simulated subglacial melt estimates. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(15), e2022GL098539. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098539
19. McCormack, F.S., Roberts, J.L., Kulessa, B., Aitken, A., Dow, C.F., Bird, L., Galton-Fenzi, B.K., Hochmuth, K., Jones, R.S., Mackintosh, A.N., & McArthur, K. (2023). Assessing the potential for ice flow piracy between the Totten and Vanderford glaciers, East Antarctica. The Cryosphere, 17(11), 4549—4569. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4549-2023
20. McCormack, F.S., Stål, T., Shao, N., MacKie, E., Fabela Hinojosa, A., Lösing, M., Roberts, J., Ehrenfeucht, S., & Dow, C. (2026). Synthetic bed topographies for Antarctica and their utility in ice sheet modelling. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 384(2319), 20240537. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2024.0537
21. Muilwijk, M., Hattermann, T., Beadling, R.L., … Purich, A., … & Xu, X. (2026). Large regional differences in Antarctic ice shelf mass loss from Southern Ocean warming and meltwater feedbacks. The Cryosphere, 20(2), 1087—1117. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1087-2026
22. Nicola, L., Frøystad, R., Juarez-Martinez, A., … Bird, L., … & Keisling, B. (2025). Where do we want the glaciological community to be in 2073? Equality, diversity and inclusion challenges and visions from the 2023 Karthaus Summer School. Journal of Glaciology, 71, e68. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.18
23. North, R., & Barrows, T.T. (2024). High-resolution elevation models of Larsen B glaciers extracted from 1960s imagery. Scientific Reports, 14, 14536. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65081-6
24. Pelle, T., Greenbaum, J.S., Ehrenfeucht, S., Dow, C.F., & McCormack, F.S. (2024). Subglacial Discharge Accelerates Dynamic Retreat of Aurora Subglacial Basin Outlet Glaciers, East Antarctica, Over the 21st Century. JGR Earth Surface, 129(7), e2023JF007513. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007513
25. Purich, A. (2022). How the ocean melts Antarctic ice. Communications Earth & Environment, 3, 141. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00471-0
26. Rand, C., Jones, R.S., Mackintosh, A.N., Goehring, B., & Lilly, K. (2025). A thicker-than-present East Antarctic Ice Sheet plateau during the Last Glacial Maximum. The Cryosphere, 19(9), 3681—3691. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3681-2025
27. Rathmann, N.M., Lilien, D.A., Richards, D.H., McCormack, F.S., & Montagnat, M. (2025). Rheological control of crystal fabrics on Antarctic ice shelves. Journal of Glaciology, 71, e110. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10070
28. Reading, A.M., Stål, T., Halpin, J.A., Lösing, M., Ebbing, J., Shen, W., McCormack, F.S., Siddoway, C.S., & Hasterok, D. (2022). Antarctic geothermal heat flow and its implications for tectonics and ice sheets. Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, 3, 814—831. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00348-y
29. Saunderson, D., Mackintosh, A., McCormack, F., Jones, R.S., & Picard, G. (2022). Surface melt on the Shackleton Ice Shelf, East Antarctica (2003–2021). The Cryosphere, 16(10), 4553—4569. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4553-2022
30. Saunderson, D., Mackintosh, A.N., McCormack, F.S., Jones, R.S., & van Dalum, C.T. (2024). How does the Southern Annular Mode control surface melt in East Antarctica? Geophysical Research Letters, 51(6), e2023GL105475. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105475
31. Steiner, J., Armstrong, W., Kochtitzky, W., … Tielidze, L., White, R., Wu, K., & Zheng, W. (2026). Global mapping of lake-terminating glaciers. Earth System Science Data, 18(2), 1665—1681. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1665-2026
32. Stevens, M.I., & Mackintosh, A.N. (2023). Location, location, location: survival of Antarctic biota requires the best real estate. Biology Letters, 19(3), 20220590. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0590
33. Stokes, C.R., Abram, N., Bentley, M.J., Edwards, T.L., England, M.H., Foppert, A., Jamieson, S.S.R., Jones, R.S., King, M.A., Lenaerts, J.T.M., Medley, B., Miles, B.W.J., Paxman, G.J.G., Ritz, C., van de Flierdt, T., & Whitehouse, P.L. (2022). Response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to past and future climate change. Nature, 608, 275—286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04946-0
34. Stutz, J., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., Whitmore, R., Baroni, C., Jamieson, S.S.R., Jones, R.S., Balco, G., Salvatore, M.C., Casale, S., Lee, J.I., Seong, Y.B., McKay, R., Vargo, L.J., Lowry, D., Spector, P., Christl, M., Och, S.I., Di Nicola, L., Iarossi, M., Stuart, F., & Woodruff, T. (2021). Mid Holocene thinning of David Glacier, Antarctica: Chronology and controls. The Cryosphere, 15(12), 5447—5471. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5447-2021
35. The WGMS Network, Zemp, M., Welty, E., Nussbaumer, S.U., Bannwart, J., Gärtner-Roer, I., … Tielidze, L., … & Zagel, B. (2026). Global glacier mass change in 2025. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 7, 213—215. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-026-00777-z
36. Tielidze, L.G., Iacob, G., & Holobâcă, I.H. (2024). Mapping of Supra-Glacial Debris Cover in the Greater Caucasus: A Semi-Automated Multi-Sensor Approach. Geosciences, 14(7), 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14070178
37. Tielidze, L.G., Mackintosh, A.N., & Yang, W. (2025). Glacier inventories reveal an acceleration of Heard Island glacier loss over recent decades. The Cryosphere, 19(7), 2677—2694. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2677-2025
38. Yang, W., Mackintosh, A.N., Cooper, E.-L., Li, Y., Jones, R.S., Chu, W., & Tielidze, L.G. (2026). Global estimates of glacier equilibrium-line altitude ratios for enhanced paleoclimate reconstructions. Communications Earth & Environment, 7(1), 391. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03391-5

T1.4 Precipitation Processes

1. Alinejadtabrizi, T., Huang, Y., Lang, F., Siems, S., Manton, M., Ackermann, L., Keywood, M., Humphries, R., Krummel, P., Williams, A., & Ayers, G. (2025). Contributions of the synoptic meteorology to the seasonal cloud condensation nuclei cycle over the Southern Ocean. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 25(4), 2631—2648. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2631-2025
2. Alinejadtabrizi, T., Huang, Y., Lang, F., Sreenath, A.V., Poulsen, C., Siems, S., & May, P. (2026). Biases in Southern Ocean Precipitation From Shallow Convection: The Role of Cloud Morphology. Geophysical Research Letters, 53(3), e2025GL118946. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL118946
3. Alinejadtabrizi, T., Lang, F., Huang, Y., Ackermann, L., Keywood, M., Ayers, G., Krummel, P., Humphries, R., Williams, A.G., Siems, S.T., & Manton, M. (2024). Wet deposition in shallow convection over the Southern Ocean. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 7, 76. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00625-1
4. Blanco, J.E., Siems, S.T., & Alexander, L.V. (2026). Precipitation Biases Over the Southern Ocean in CMIP6, Reanalyses and Satellite‐Based Products. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 131(2), e2025JD044145. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044145
5. Kong, Z., Prata, A.T., May, P.T., Purich, A., Huang, Y., & Siems, S.T. (2025). Intensifying precipitation over the Southern Ocean challenges reanalysis-based climate estimates: Insights from Macquarie Island’s 45-year record. Weather and Climate Dynamics, 6(4), 1643—1660. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1643-2025
6. Kurup, A.A., Poulsen, C., Siems, S.T., & Robbins, D.J.V. (2026). Validation and comparison of cloud properties retrieved from passive satellites over the Southern Ocean. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 19(4), 1487—1514. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1487-2026
7. Lang, F., Siems, S.T., Huang, Y., Alinejadtabrizi, T., & Ackermann, L. (2024). On the relationship between mesoscale cellular convection and meteorological forcing: Comparing the Southern Ocean against the North Pacific. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24(2), 1451—1466. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1451-2024
8. Montoya Duque, E., Huang, Y., May, P.T., & Siems, S.T. (2023). An Evaluation of IMERG and ERA5 Quantitative Precipitation Estimates over the Southern Ocean Using Shipborne Observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 62(11), 1479—1495. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-23-0039.1
9. Montoya Duque, E., Huang, Y., Siems, S.T., Morrison, H., & May, P.T. (2025). Simulating Closed‐to‐Open Mesoscale Cellular Convection Over the Southern Ocean: Part I. Evaluation Using SOCRATES and CAPRICORN Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 130(24), e2025JD044198. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044198
10. Montoya Duque, E., Huang, Y., Siems, S.T., Morrison, H., & May, P.T. (2025). Simulating Closed‐to‐Open Mesoscale Cellular Convection Over the Southern Ocean: Part II. Perturbed Physics Experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 130(24), e2025JD044199. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044199
11. Mynard, C., Franklin, E.B., Alroe, J., Somerville, N., Patti, A., Siems, S.T., Williams, A., Mallet, M.D., Humphries, R., & Dunne, E. (2025). Constraining Atmospheric Methanethiol Estimates Over the Southern Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 52(18), e2025GL116470. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116470
12. Ramadoss, V., Pfannkuch, K., Protat, A., Huang, Y., Siems, S., & Possner, A. (2024). An Evaluation of Cloud-Precipitation Structures in Mixed-Phase Stratocumuli Over the Southern Ocean in Kilometer-Scale ICON Simulations During CAPRICORN. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 129(18), e2022JD038251. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038251
13. Reid, K.J., Arblaster, J.M., Alexander, L.V., & Siems, S.T. (2024). Spurious Trends in High Latitude Southern Hemisphere Precipitation Observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 51(6), e2023GL106994. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106994
14. Robbins, D., Poulsen, C., Siems, S.T., & Proud, S. (2022). Improving discrimination between clouds and optically thick aerosol plumes in geostationary satellite data. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 15(9), 3031—3051. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3031-2022
15. Siems, S.T., Huang, Y., & Manton, M.J. (2022). Southern Ocean precipitation: Toward a process-level understanding. WIREs Climate Change, 13(6), e800. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.800
16. Truong, S.C.H., Siems, S.T., May, P.T., Huang, Y., Vignon, É., & Gevorgyan, A. (2023). Characteristics and Variability of Precipitation Across Different Sectors of an Extra-Tropical Cyclone: A Case Study Over the High-Latitudes of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 128(22), e2023JD039013. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039013

Theme 2 Biodiversity Status and Trends

T2.1 Environmental Characterisation and Climate Downscaling

1. Beale, S.G., Shaw, J.D., & McGeoch, M.A. (2026). Characterising local climates and biologically-relevant climate changes on the Southern Ocean Islands. Climatic Change, 179(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-025-04087-z
2. Bell, E.F., Meredith, K.T., Davies, J.B., & McDonough, L.K. (2026). Freezing prevents ⁶⁰Co‑γ irradiation artefacts in DOM concentration, composition and δ¹³C. Water Research, 292, 125308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.125308
3. Lembrechts, J.J., van den Hoogen, J., Aalto, J., … Chown, S.L., … Maclean, I.M.D., … Randall, K., … Robinson, S.A., … & Lenoir, J. (2022). Global maps of soil temperature. Global Change Biology, 28(9), 3110—3144. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16060
4. McDonough, L.K., Holt, A.D., Hamilton, E., Randall, K., Saunders, K.M., Robinson, S.A., Spencer, R.G.M., McKenna, A.M., Linnenlucke, L., & Meredith, K.T. (2025). Shaping DOM Signatures in East Antarctic Lakes: Penguins, Mosses, Meltwater, and Processing Mechanisms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 130(9), e2025JG008931. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JG008931
5. Meredith, K.T., Saunders, K.M., McDonough, L.K., & McGeoch, M.A. (2022). Hydrochemical and isotopic baselines for understanding hydrological processes across Macquarie Island. Scientific Reports, 12, 21266. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25115-3
6. North, R., White, L.T., Riley, T.R., Tanner, D., & Barrows, T.T. (2025). Age and geology of granitoids in northeast Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula. Lithos, 514—515, 108188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2025.108188
7. Randall, K.L., Waterman, M.J., Ashcroft, M.B., Camara, P.E.A.S., Zúñiga, G.E., Thomazini, A., & Robinson, S.A. (2025). Centimetre‐Scale Micro‐Topography Structures Biologically Relevant Microclimates in Antarctic Moss Beds. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 34(12), e70155. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70155
8. Saunders, K.M., & Meredith, K.T. (2023). Monitor changes to ice-bound nuclear fallout in Antarctica. Nature, 619, 465. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02246-9
9. Tóth, A., Terauds, A., Chown, S.L., Hughes, K.A., Convey, P., Hodgson, D.A., Cowan, D.A., Gibson, J., Leihy, R.I., Murray, N.J., Robinson, S.A., Shaw, J.D., Stark, J.S., Stevens, M.I., van den Hoff, J., Wasley, J., & Keith, D.A. (2025). A dataset of Antarctic ecosystems in ice-free lands: classification, descriptions, and maps. Scientific Data, 12(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04424-y
10. Zheng, X., Cressie, N., Clarke, D.A., McGeoch, M.A., & Zammit-Mangion, A. (2025). Spatial-statistical downscaling with uncertainty quantification in biodiversity modelling. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 16(4), 837—853. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14505

T2.2 Biodiversity Dynamics and Biogeography

1. Affleck, S., & McGeoch, M.A. (2024). Global Avian Functional Diversity Depends on the World’s Most Widespread and Distinct Birds. Ecology Letters, 27(10), e14552. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14552
2. Anderson, R.O., Chown, S.L., & Leihy, R.I. (2025). Continent‐wide analysis of moss diversity in Antarctica. Ecography, 2025(2), e07353. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07353
3. Baird, H.P., Shin, S., Oberprieler, R.G., Hullé, M., Vernon, P., Moon, K.L., Adams, R.H., McKenna, D.D., & Chown, S.L. (2021). Fifty million years of beetle evolution along the Antarctic Polar Front. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(24), e2017384118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017384118
4. Buba, Y., Kiflawi, M., McGeoch, M.A., & Belmaker, J. (2024). Evaluating models for estimating introduction rates of alien species from discovery records. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 33(8) e13859. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13859
5. Carter, Z.T., McNaughton, E.J., Fea, M.P., Horner, I., Johnson, K., Killick, S., McLay, J., Shields, B., Stanley, M.C., & Glen, A.S. (2023). Evaluating scent detection dogs as a tool to detect pathogenic Phytophthora species. Conservation Science and Practice, 5(9), e12997. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12997
6. Chown, S.L. (2023). Macrophysiology for decision-making. Journal of Zoology, 319(1), 1—22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.13029
7. Chown, S.L., Bergstrom, D.M., Houghton, M., Kiefer, K., Terauds, A., & Leihy, R.I. (2022). Invasive species impacts on sub-Antarctic Collembola support the Antarctic climate-diversity-invasion hypothesis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 166, 108579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108579
8. Chown, S.L., Janion-Scheepers, C., Marshall, A., Aitkenhead, I.A., Hallas, R., Liu, W.P.A., & Phillips, L.M. (2023). Indigenous and introduced Collembola differ in desiccation resistance but not its plasticity in response to temperature. Current Research in Insect Science, 3, 100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2022.100051
9. Chown, S.L., & McGeoch, M.A. (2023). Functional Trait Variation Along Animal Invasion Pathways. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 54, 151—170. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102220-013423
10. Clarke, D.A., Clarke, R.H., & McGeoch, M.A. (2025). How to Identify Priority Sites for Invasive Alien Species Policy and Management. Diversity and Distributions, 31(1), e13970. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13970
11. Clarke, D.A., & McGeoch, M.A. (2023). Invasive alien insects represent a clear but variable threat to biodiversity. Current Research in Insect Science, 4, 100065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2023.100065
12. Clarke, L.J., Shaw, J.D., Suter, L., Atalah, J., Bergstrom, D.M., Biersma, E., Convey, P., Greve, M., Holland, O., Houghton, M.J., Hughes, K.A., Johnston, E.L., King, C.K., McCarthy, A.H., McGaughran, A., Pertierra, L.R., Robinson, S.A., Sherman, C.H., Stark, J.S., Stevens, M.I., Strugnell, J.M., von Ammon, U., Wilson, N.G., Zaiko, A., & MacDonald, A.J. (2023). An expert-driven framework for applying eDNA tools to improve biosecurity in the Antarctic. Management of Biological Invasions, 14(3), 379—402. https://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2023.14.3.01
13. Collins, G.E., Young, M.R., Convey, P., Chown, S.L., Cary, S.C., Adams, B.J., Wall, D.H., & Hogg, I.D. (2023). Biogeography and Genetic Diversity of Terrestrial Mites in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica. Genes, 14(3), 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14030606
14. Czechowski, P., de Lange, M., Knapp, M., Terauds, A., & Stevens, M.I. (2022). Antarctic biodiversity predictions through substrate qualities and environmental DNA. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 20(10), 550—557. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2560
15. Deane, D.C., Hui, C., & McGeoch, M. (2024). Mean landscape‐scale incidence of species in discrete habitats is patch size dependent. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 33(4), e13805. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13805
16. Deane, D.C., Hui, C., & McGeoch, M. (2025). Species that dominate spatial turnover can be of (almost) any abundance. Ecography, 2025(6), e07733. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07733
17. Deane, D.C., Hui, C., & McGeoch, M. (2026). An Ecological Definition and Objective Threshold for Differentiating Small Fragments. Ecology and Evolution, 16(2), e73054. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.73054
18. Dehling, D.M., & Chown, S.L. (2025). Global increase in the endemism of birds from north to south. Nature Communications, 16, 6251. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61477-8
19. Ferrari, F.R., Villa, P.M., Putzke, J., Robinson, S.A., Francelino, M.R., & Schaefer, C.E.G.R. (2026). Habitat-mediated filtering, rather than soil properties, shapes plant community diversity on Nelson Island, Maritime Antarctica. Journal of Vegetation Science, 37(3), e70145. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.70145
20. Groom, Q., Abraham, L., Adriaens, T., Breugelmans, L., Clarke, D.A., Fernández, M.A., Hendrickx, L., Hui, C., Kumschick, S., Martini, M., McGeoch, M.A., Metodiev, T., Miller, J., Oldoni, D., Pereira, H.M., Preda, C., Robertson, T., Rocchini, D., Seebens, H., Teixeira, H., Trekels, M., Wilson, J.R., Yovcheva, N., Zengeya, T., & Desmet, P. (2023). B-Cubed: Leveraging Analysis-Ready Biodiversity Datasets and Cloud Computing for Timely and Actionable Biodiversity Monitoring. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards, 7, e110734. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.110734
21. Henriksen, M.V., Arlé, E., Pili, A., Clarke, D.A., García-Berthou, E., Groom, Q., Lenzner, B., Meyer, C., Seebens, H., Tingley, R., Winter, M., & McGeoch, M.A. (2024). Global indicators of the environmental impacts of invasive alien species and their information adequacy. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B, 379(1902), 20230323. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0323
22. Jeynes‐Smith, C., Bode, M., & Araujo, R.P. (2024). Identifying and explaining resilience in ecological networks. Ecology Letters, 27(4), e14484. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14484
23. Kearney, M.R., Jusup, M., McGeoch, M.A., Kooijman, S.A., & Chown, S.L. (2021). Where do functional traits come from? The role of theory and models. Functional Ecology, 35(7), 1385—1396. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13829
24. IPBES (2023). Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control. Roy, H.E., Pauchard, A., Stoett, P., Renard Truong, T., Bacher, S., Galil, B.S., Hulme, P.E., Ikeda, T., Sankaran, K.V., McGeoch, M.A., Meyerson, L.A., Nuñez, M.A., Ordonez, A., Rahlao, S.J., Schwindt, E., Seebens, H., Sheppard, A.W., & Vandvik, V. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7430692
25. Latombe, G., Boittiaux, P., Hui, C., & McGeoch, M.A. (2024). A kernel integral method to remove biases in estimating trait turnover. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 15(4), 682—700. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14246
26. Lau, S.C.Y., Strugnell, J.M., Sands, C.J., Silva, C.N.S., & Wilson, N.G. (2021). Evolutionary innovations in Antarctic brittle stars linked to glacial refugia. Ecology and Evolution, 11(23), 17428—17446. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8376
27. Lau, S.C.Y., Strugnell, J.M., Sands, C.J., Silva, C.N.S., & Wilson, N.G. (2023). Genomic insights of evolutionary divergence and life histories innovations in Antarctic brittle stars. Molecular Ecology, 32(13), 3382—3402. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16951
28. Lau, S.C.Y., Wilson, N.G., Cooke, I.R., Johannesson, K., & Strugnell, J.M. (2026). The Southern Ocean as an evolutionary arena for structural genomic variation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2026.04.003
29. Lau, S.C.Y., Wilson, N.G., Watts, P.C., Silva, C.N.S., Cooke, I.R., Allcock, A.L., Mark, F.C., Linse, K., Jernfors, T., & Strugnell, J.M. (2025). Circumpolar and Regional Seascape Drivers of Genomic Variation in a Southern Ocean Octopus. Molecular Ecology, 34(2), e17601. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17601
30. Leihy, R.I., McGeoch, M.A., Clarke, D.A., Peake, L., Buba, Y., Belmaker, J., & Chown, S.L. (2025). Antarctic biosecurity policy effectively manages the rates of alien introductions. Earth’s Future, 13(4), e2024EF005405. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005405
31. Leihy, R.I., Peake, L., Clarke, D.A., Chown, S.L., & McGeoch, M.A. (2023). Introduced and invasive alien species of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean Islands. Scientific Data, 10, 200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02113-2
32. Leiva, F.P., Ellers, J., Berg, M.P., … Chown, S.L., … & Verberk, W.C.E.P. (2025). ShareTrait: Towards interoperable and reusable individual trait‐based data in ectotherms. Functional Ecology, 39(11), 3124—3138. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.70147
33. Mairal, M., Chown, S.L., Shaw, J., Chala, D., Chau, J.H., Hui, C., Kalwij, J.M., Münzbergová, Z., Jansen van Vuuren, B., & Le Roux, J.J. (2022). Human activity strongly influences genetic dynamics of the most widespread invasive plant in the sub‐Antarctic. Molecular Ecology, 31(6), 1649—1665. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16045
34. Mairal, M., García-Verdugo, C., Le Roux, J.J., Chau, J.H., van Vuuren, B.J., Hui, C., Münzbergová, Z., Chown, S.L., & Shaw, J.D. (2023). Multiple introductions, polyploidy and mixed reproductive strategies are linked to genetic diversity and structure in the most widespread invasive plant across Southern Ocean archipelagos. Molecular Ecology, 32(4), 756—771. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16809
35. Maroni, P.J., Baker, B.J., Moran, A.L., Woods, H.A., Avila, C., Johnstone, G.J., Stark, J.S., Kocot, K.M., Lockhart, S., Saucède, T., Rouse, G.W., & Wilson, N.G. (2022). One Antarctic slug to confuse them all: the underestimated diversity of Doris kerguelenensis. Invertebrate Systematics, 36(5), 419—435. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS21073
36. Maroni. P.J., Carvajal, J.I., Baker, B.J., Layton, K.K.S., & Wilson, N.G. (2026). Testing a mitochondrial species radiation with exon capture data – The Antarctic sea slug Doris ‘kerguelenensis’. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 222, 108641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108641
37. Maroni, P.J., & Wilson, N.G. (2022). Multiple Doris “kerguelenensis” (Nudibranchia) species span the Antarctic Polar Front. Ecology and Evolution, 12(9), e9333. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9333
38. Marshall, D.J., Hugo-Coetzee, E.A., Coetzee, L., Ueckermann, E.A., Seeman, O., & Chown, S.L. (2025). The mite fauna (Arachnida: Acari) of Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean: natural colonization, endemism and human introduction. Polar Biology, 48, 89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-025-03409-2
39. McGeoch, M.A., Buba, Y., Arlé, E., Belmaker, J., Clarke, D.A., Jetz, W., … & Winter, M. (2023). Invasion trends: An interpretable measure of change is needed to support policy targets. Conservation Letters, 16(6), e12981. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12981
40. McGeoch, M.A., Clarke, D.A., Mungi, N.A., & Ordonez, A. (2024). A nature-positive future with biological invasions: theory, decision support and research needs. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B, 379(1902), 20230014. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0014
41. McGeoch, M. A., Lee, J. R., Affleck, S., Arblaster, J. M., Cavieres, L. A., Clarke, D., Greening, C., Holland, S. R., McLennan, S., Renault, D., & Chown, S. L. (2026). Ecological processes shaping Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity change. Nature Reviews Biodiversity, 2(1), 56—69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44358-025-00113-1
42. Nuñez, M.A., August, T., Bacher, S., Galil, B.S., Hulme, P.E., Ikeda, T., McGeoch, M.A., Ordonez, A., Rahlao, S., Truong, T.R., Pauchard, A., Roy, H.E., Sankaran, K.V., Schwindt, E., Seebens, H., Sheppard, A.W., Stoett, P., Vandvik, V., & Meyerson, L.A. (2024). Including a diverse set of voices to address biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 39(5), 409—412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2024.02.009
43. O’Hanlon, J.C., Khan, M.K., Griffith, S.C., Chown, S.L., Cooper, C.E., Duursma, D.E., Gallagher, R.V., Sgrò, C.M., While, G.M., & Herberstein, M.E. (2025). Behavior across time and space – how large scale “trait-based” approaches can shape behavioral ecology. Behavioral Ecology, 36(4), araf073. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araf073
44. Olmos Pin, A., Clark, G.F., Burkart-Radtke, R., Quade, J., & Gardner, S.G. (2026). Benthic bacteria communities of coral reefs are shaped by sediment properties rather than coral trophic state. PLOS One, 21(4), e0346135. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346135
45. Onley, I.R., Cassey, P., & McGeoch, M.A. (2025). Biodiversity data sharing platforms are vital for the management and prevention of biological invasions. Biodiversity and Conservation, 34, 1234—1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-025-03058-1
46. Onley, I.R., Houghton, M.J., Leggett, K., Cassey, P., Carter, Z.T., & Shaw, J. (2024). Assessing ongoing risks and managing detections of non-native invertebrates in the Antarctic Region. NeoBiota, 95, 133—147. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.95.124706
47. Onley, I.R., Houghton, M.J., Liu, W.P.A., & Shaw, J. (2025). First record of the invasive springtail Hypogastrura viatica occurring synanthropically in East Antarctica. Biological Invasions, 27, 55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03525-w
48. Pagad, S., Bisset, S., Genovesi, P., Groom, Q., Hirsh, T., Jetz, W., Ranipeta, A., Schigel, D., Sica, Y.V., & McGeoch, M.A. (2022). Country Compendium of the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species. Scientific Data, 9, 391. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01514-z
49. Parvizi, E., McGaughran, A., & Stevens, M.I. (2023). Tracking the origins of the introduced terrestrial amphipod, Puhuruhuru patersoni, on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 51(1), 77—87. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2224580
50. Pascal, L.V., Vollert, S.A., Bimler, M.D., Baker, C.M., Vernet, M., Canessa, S., Drovandi, C., & Adams, M.P. (2025). EEMtoolbox: A user‐friendly R package for flexible ensemble ecosystem modelling. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 16(5), 921—929. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70032
51. Patterson, C.R., Helmstedt, K.J., Terauds, A., & Shaw, J.D. (2025). A multidimensional assessment of Antarctic terrestrial biological data. Diversity and Distributions, 31(1), e13909. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13909
52. Peralta-Serrano, M., Schrödl, M., Wilson, N.G., & Moles, J. (2025). Revealing hidden diversity and cryptic speciation in Antarctic marine gastropods (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea). Antarctic Science, 37(3), 154—166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102024000385
53. Pertierra, L.R., Convey, P., Barbosa, A., Biersma, E.M., Cowan, D., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., De Los Ríos, A., Escribano-Álvarez, P., Fraser, C.I., Fontaneto, D., Greve, M., Griffiths, H.J., Harris, M., Hughes, K.A., Lynch, H.J., Ladle, R.J., Liu, X.P., Le Roux, P.C., Majewska, R., Molina-Montenegro, M.A., Peck, L.S., Quesada, A., Ronquillo, C., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Sancho, L.G., Terauds, A., Varliero, G., Vianna, J.A., Wilmotte, A., Chown, S.L., Olalla-Tárraga, M.Á., & Hortal, J. (2025). Advances and shortfalls in knowledge of Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity. Science, 387(6734), 609—615. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adk2118
54. Pertierra, L.R., Varliero, G., Barbosa, A., … Chown, S., Cowan, D., … Olalla-Tárraga, M., … & Greve, M. (2024). TerrANTALife 1.0 Biodiversity data checklist of known Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater life forms. Biodiversity Data Journal, 12, e106199. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e106199
55. Peralta-Serrano, M., Schrödl, M., Wilson, N.G., & Moles, J. (2025). Revealing hidden diversity and cryptic speciation in Antarctic marine gastropods (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea). Antarctic Science, 37(3), 154—166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102024000385
56. Potapov, A.M., Chen, T.W., Striuchkova, A.V., Chown, S.L., Liu, W.P.A., … & Scheu, S. (2024). Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure. Scientific Data, 11, 22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02784-x
57. Potapov, A.M., Guerra, C.A., van den Hoogen, J., … Chown, S.L., … Liu, W.P.A., … & Scheu, S. (2023). Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails. Nature Communications, 14, 674. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36216-6
58. Rodewald, N., Wilson, N.G., Lau, S.C.Y., & Strugnell, J.M. (2026). Contrasting Dispersal Patterns of Co‐Occurring Benthic Sister Sea Star Labidiaster Species (Asteroidea: Heliasteridae) in the Southern Ocean. Ecology and Evolution, 16(4), e73450. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.73450
59. Roy, H.E., Pauchard, A., Stoett, P.J., … McGeoch, M.A., … Cassey, P., … & Ziller, S.R. (2024). Curbing the major and growing threats from invasive alien species is urgent and achievable. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 8, 1216—1223. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02412-w
60. Sandall, E.L., Maureaud, A.A., Guralnick, R., McGeoch, M.A., Sica, Y.V., Rogan, M.S., Booher, D.B., Edwards, R., Franz, N., Ingenloff, K., Lucas, M., Marsh, C.J., McGowan, J., Pinkert, S., Ranipeta, A., Uetz, P., Wieczorek, J., & Jetz, W. (2023). A globally integrated structure of taxonomy to support biodiversity science and conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 38(12), 1143—1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.004
61. Schwindt, E., August, T.A., Vanderhoeven, S., McGeoch, M.A., Bacher, S., Galil, B.S., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Ikeda, T., Lenzner, B., Nunez, M.A., Ordonez, A., Pauchard, A., Rahlao, S.J., Renard Truong, T., Roy, H.E., Sankaran, K.V., Seebens, H., Sheppard, A.W., Stoett, P., Vandvik, V., Wilson, J.R.U., & Meyerson, L.A. (2024). Overwhelming evidence galvanizes a global consensus on the need for action against Invasive Alien Species. Biological Invasions, 26, 621—626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03209-x
62. Short, K.A., Sands, C.J., McInnes, S.J., Pisani, D., Stevens, M.I., & Convey, P. (2022). An ancient, Antarctic-specific species complex: large divergences between multiple Antarctic lineages of the tardigrade genus Mesobiotus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 170, 107429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107429
63. Stark, J.S., Johnstone, G., & Stark, S.C. (2025). Environmental drivers of biodiversity and community structure in marine soft sediments of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 37(6), 550—569. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102025100254
64. Terauds, A., Lee, J.R., Wauchope, H., Raymond, B., Bergstrom, D.M., Convey, P., Mason, C., Patterson, C.R., Robinson, S.A., Van De Putte, A., Watts, D., & Chown, S.L. (2025). The biodiversity of ice-free Antarctica database. Ecology, 106(1), e70000. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70000
65. Tóth, A., Terauds, A., Chown, S.L., Hughes, K.A., Convey, P., Hodgson, D.A., Cowan, D.A., Gibson, J., Leihy, R.I., Murray, N.J., Robinson, S.A., Shaw, J.D., Stark, J.S., Stevens, M.I., van den Hoff, J., Wasley, J., & Keith, D.A. (2025). A dataset of Antarctic ecosystems in ice-free lands: classification, descriptions, and maps. Scientific Data, 12(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04424-y
66. Vicente, J.R., Vaz, A.S., Roige, M., Winter, M., Lenzner, B., Clarke, D.A., & McGeoch, M.A. (2022). Existing indicators do not adequately monitor progress toward meeting invasive alien species targets. Conservation Letters, 15(5), e12918. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12918

T2.3 Climate Change Consequences for Living Systems

1. Bahrndorff, S., Convey, P., Chown, S.L., & Sørensen, J.G. (2025). Polar ectotherms more vulnerable to warming than expected. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 40(7), 619—621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2025.04.008
2. Barnes, P.W., Bornman, J.F., Pandey, K.K., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Neale, R.E., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., & Robinson, S.A. (2021). The success of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the environment. Global Change Biology, 27(22), 5681—5683. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15841
3. Barnes, P.W., Bornman, J.F., Pandey, K.K., … Robinson, S.A., … & Zhu, M. (2023). Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: 2022 Quadrennial Assessment. Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, United National Environment Program, Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN:978-9914-733-91-4. http://ozone.unep.org/science/eeap
4. Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., … Robinson, S.A., … & Young, A.R. (2022). Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 21, 275—301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-022-00176-5
5. Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Zepp, R.G., Bornman, J.F., Jansen, M.A.K., Ossola, R., Wang, Q.-W., Robinson, S.A., Foereid, B., Klekociuk, A.R., Martinez-Abaigar, J., Hou, W.-C., Mackenzie, R., & Paul, N.D. (2023). Interactive effects of changes in UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and feedbacks to the climate system. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 22, 1049—1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-023-00376-7
6. Cajiao, D., Phillips, R.A., Lee, J.R., & Hughes, K.A. (2025). Breeding bird species richness and sensitivity to disturbance at Antarctic visitor sites. Journal of Environmental Management, 395, 127971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127971
7. Dee, L.E., Miller, S.J., Helmstedt, K.J., Boersma, K.S., Polasky, S., & Reich, P.B. (2025). Quantifying disturbance effects on ecosystem services in a changing climate. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 9, 436—447. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02626-y
8. Escribano-Álvarez, P., Pertierra, L.R., Martínez, B., Chown, S.L., & Olalla-Tárraga, M.Á. (2022). Half a century of thermal tolerance studies in springtails (Collembola): A review of metrics, spatial and temporal trends. Current Research in Insect Science, 2, 100023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2021.100023
9. Ficetola, G.F., Marta, S., Guerrieri, A., … Tielidze, L., … & Carteron, A. (2024). The development of terrestrial ecosystems emerging after glacier retreat. Nature, 632, 336—342. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07778-2
10. Harvey, J.A., Tougeron, K., Gols, R., … Duffy, G.A., … & Chown, S.L. (2023). Scientists’ Warning on Climate Change and Insects. Ecological Monographs, 93(1), e1553. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1553
11. Holland, O.C., Stark, J.S., Wilson, K.A., Baker, C.M., Shaw, J.D., & Helmstedt, K.J. (2025). Invasive species pose a threat to native species’ abundances in an East Antarctic coastal marine ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology, 62(8), 1993—2004. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.70062
12. Jansen, M.A.K., Andrady, A.L., Barnes, P.W., … Robinson, S.A., … & Zhu, L. (2024). Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol. Global Change Biology, 30, e17279. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17279
13. Jansen, M.A.K., Andrady, A.L., Bornman, J.F., … Robinson, S.A., … & Zhu, L. (2024). Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 23, 629—650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-024-00552-3
14. Kubiszewski, I., Adams, V.M., Baird, R., Boothroyd, A., Costanza, R., MacDonald, D.H., Finau, G., Fulton, E.A., King, C.K., King, M.A., Lannuzel, D., Leane, E., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Ooi, C.-S., Raghavan, M., Senigaglia, V., Stoeckl, N., Tian, J., & Yamazaki, S. (2025). Cascading tipping points of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Ambio, 54, 642—659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-024-02101-9
15. Lau, S.C.Y., & Strugnell, J.M. (2022). Is the Southern Ocean ecosystem primed for change or at the cliff edge? Global Change Biology, 28(15), 4493—4494. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16224
16. Lee, J.R., Waterman, M.J., Shaw, J.D., Bergstrom, D.M., Lynch, H.J., Wall, D.H., & Robinson, S.A. (2022). Islands in the ice: Potential impacts of habitat transformation on Antarctic biodiversity. Global Change Biology, 28(20), 5865—5880. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16331
17. Losapio, G., Lee, J.R., Fraser, C.I., Gillespie, M.A.K., Kerr, N.R., Zawierucha, K., Hamilton, T.L., Hotaling, S., Kaufmann, R., Kim, O.-S., Klopsch, C., Liu, Y., Lukashanets, D., Robinson, S.A., & Brown, L.E. (2025). Impacts of deglaciation on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Nature Reviews Biodiversity, 1, 371—385. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44358-025-00049-6
18. Madliger, C.L., Franklin, C.E., Chown, S.L., Fuller, A., Hultine, K.R., Constantini, D., Hopkins, W.A., Peck, M.A., Rummer, J.L., Sack, L., Willis, C.K.R., & Cooke, S.J. (2021). The second warning to humanity: Contributions and solutions from conservation physiology. Conservation Physiology, 9(1), coab038. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab038
19. Madronich, S., Bernhard, G.H., Neale, P.J., Robinson, S.A., et al. (2024). Continuing benefits of the Montreal Protocol and protection of the stratospheric ozone layer for human health and the environment. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 23, 1087—1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-024-00577-8
20. Mills, E., Clark, G.F., Simpson, M.J., Baird, M., & Adams, M.P. (2025). A generalised sigmoid population growth model with energy dependence: Application to quantify the tipping point for Antarctic shallow seabed algae. Environmental Modelling & Software, 188, 106397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106397
21. Neale, P.J., Hylander, S., Banaszak, A.T., … Robinson, S.A., … & Zepp, R.G. (2025). Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2024. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 24, 357—392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-025-00687-x
22. Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., … Robinson, S.A., … & Zhu, M. (2021). Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 20, 1—67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-020-00001-x
23. Newman, C., Amarasingam, N., Robinson, S.A., & Bollard, B. (2026). Determining the influence of water availability for photosynthetic life in Antarctica: A systematic review. Environmental Research Letters, 21(7), 073001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae51ae
24. Pascoe, P.P., Bartlett, M., Shaw, J., Trebilco, R., Weldrick, C.K., & Jones, H.P. (2025). Decadal change in seabird‐driven isotopes on islands with differing invasion histories. Ecological Applications, 35(4), e70030. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.70030
25. Perera-Castro, A.V., Waterman, M.J., Robinson, S.A., & Flexas, J. (2022). Limitations to photosynthesis in bryophytes: certainties and uncertainties regarding methodology. Journal of Experimental Botany, 73(13), 4592—4604. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac189
26. Renault, D., Leclerc, C., Colleu, M.-A., Boutet, A., Hotte, H., Colinet, H., Chown, S.L., & Convey, P. (2022). The rising threat of climate change for arthropods from Earth’s cold regions: Taxonomic rather than native status drives species sensitivity. Global Change Biology, 28(20), 5914—5927. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16338
27. Robinson, S.A. (2022). Among ancient moss forests — Observing twenty-five years of change. Griffith Review, Edition 77. https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/among-ancient-moss-forests/
28. Robinson, S.A. (2022). Climate change and extreme events are changing the biology of Polar Regions. Global Change Biology, 28(20), 5861—5864. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16309
29. Robinson, S.A. (2023). The Antarctic ozone hole, ultraviolet radiation and bushfires. Antarctic Science, 35(2), 61—63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102023000081
30. Robinson, S.A., Revell, L.E., Mackenzie, R., & Ossola, R. (2024). Extended ozone depletion and reduced snow and ice cover—Consequences for Antarctic biota. Global Change Biology, 30(4), e17283. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17283
31. Roland, T.P., Bartlett, O.T., Charman, D.J., Anderson, K., Hodgson, D.A., Amesbury, M.J., Maclean, I., Fretwell, P.T., & Fleming, A. (2024). Sustained greening of the Antarctic Peninsula observed from satellites. Nature Geoscience, 17, 1121—1126. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01564-5
32. Strugnell, J.M., McGregor, H.V., Wilson, N.G., Meredith, K., Chown, S.L., Lau, S.C.Y., Robinson, S.A., & Saunders, K.M. (2022). Emerging biological archives can reveal ecological and climatic change in Antarctica. Global Change Biology, 28(22), 6483—6508. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16356
33. Svenning, J.-C., McGeoch, M.A., Normand, S., Ordonez, A., & Riede, F. (2024). Navigating ecological novelty towards planetary stewardship: challenges and opportunities in biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B, 379(1902), 20230008. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0008
34. Turnbull, J.W., Booth, D.J., & Clark, G.F. (2025). Historical changes in marine communities uncovered in diverse data sources highlight impacts over half a century. Marine and Freshwater Research, 76(8), MF24259. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF24259
35. Turnbull, J.W., Sommer, B., Gardner, S.G., Moloney, J.V., Johnston, E.L., & Clark, G.F. (2026). Reef shape, position and flow regime mediate bleaching severity in a southern Great Barrier Reef platform reef system. Coral Reefs. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-026-02887-y
36. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2023). Environmental Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Interactions with Climate Change. 2022 Assessment Report of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel. UNEP, Nairobi. https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/EEAP-2022-Assessment-Report-May2023.pdf
37. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2023). Questions and Answers about the Effects of Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate on Humans and the Environment. Supplement of the 2022 Assessment Report of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel. UNEP, Nairobi. https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/EEAP-assessment-report-2022-QA.pdf
38. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2023). Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol. 2023 Assessment Update of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel. UNEP, Nairobi. https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/documents/EEAP-Update-2023UNEP-19Dec23.pdf
39. Van der Merwe, S., Greve, M., Hoffmann, M.T., Skowno, A.L., Pallett, N., Terauds, A., Chown, S.L., & Cramer, M.D. (2024). Repeat photography reveals long-term climate change impacts on sub-Antarctic tundra vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science, 35(6), e70002. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.70002
40. Williams, K.M., Waite, S., Houghton, M., Firn, J., & Shaw, J. (2025). A Novel Invertebrate Predator on an Oceanic Island: Impacts and Invasion Dynamics of Kontikia andersoni on Macquarie Island. Ecology and Evolution, 15(7), e71663. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71663
41. Wu, Y., Yin, H., Randall, K.L., Waterman, M.J., Turnbull, J.D., & Robinson, S.A. (2026). Enhanced wind linked to ozone depletion influences photoprotective responses in Antarctic mosses via water stress. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 131(5), e2026JG009718. https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JG009718
42. Yin, H., Perera-Castro, A.V., Randall, K.L., Turnbull, J.D., Waterman, M.J., Dunn, J., & Robinson, S.A. (2023). Basking in the sun: how mosses photosynthesise and survive in Antarctica. Photosynthesis Research, 158, 151—169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-023-01040-y

T2.4 Antarctic Life’s Future Energy Budget

1. Alexander, L.T., Durairaj, J., Kryshtafovych, A., … Greening, C., … & Schwede, T. (2023). Protein target highlights in CASP15: Analysis of models by structure providers. Proteins, 91(12), 1571—1599. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.26545
2. Alharbi, M., Nguyen-Dinh, T., Wong, W.W., Leung, P.M., Kessler, A.J., Greening, C., & Cook, P.L.M. (2026). Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium driven by iron tolerant Lutibacter in coastal sediments. Science of The Total Environment, 1010, 181095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181095
3. Appler, K.E., Lingford, J.P., Gong, X., Panagiotou, K., Leão, P., Langwig, M.V., Greening, C., Ettema, T.J.G., De Anda, V., & Baker, B.J. (2026). Oxygen metabolism in descendants of the archaeal-eukaryotic ancestor. Nature, 652(8109), 405—415. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10128-z
4. Barbieri Oliveri, L., & Leung, P.M. (2025). Trace gas oxidation as a novel microbial dispersal trait. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 88, 102666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2025.102666
5. Bay, S.K., Ni, G., Lappan, R., Leung, P.M., Wong, W.W., Holland, S.I.R., Athukorala, N., Knudsen, K.S., Fan, Z., Kerou, M., Jain, S., Schmidt, O., Eate, V., Clarke, D.A., Jirapanjawat, T., Tveit, A., Featonby, T., White, S., White, N., McGeoch, M., Singleston, C.M., Cook, P.L.M, Chown, S.L., & Greening, C. (2025). Microbial aerotrophy enables continuous primary production in diverse cave ecosystems. Nature Communications, 16(1), 10295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65209-w
6. Gillett, D.L., Grinter, R., & Greening, C. (2024). [MoCu]-Dependent Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases. In Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry, R.A. Scott (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2865
7. Greening, C., Cabotaje, P.R., Valentin Alvarado, L.E., Leung, P.M., Land, H., Rodrigues-Oliveira, T., … & Berggren, G. (2024). Minimal and hybrid hydrogenases are active from archaea. Cell, 187(13), 3357—3372.e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.032
8. Greening, C., & Grinter, R. (2022). Microbial oxidation of atmospheric trace gases. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 20, 513—528. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00724-x
9. Greening, C., Islam, Z.F., & Bay, S.K. (2022). Hydrogen is a major lifeline for aerobic bacteria. Trends in Microbiology, 30(4), 330—337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2021.08.004
10. Greening, C., Kropp, A., Vincent, K., & Grinter, R. (2023). Developing high-affinity, oxygen-insensitive [NiFe]-hydrogenases as biocatalysts for energy conversion. Biochemical Society Transactions, 51(5), 1921—1933. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20230120
11. Grinter, R., Kropp, A., Venugopal, H., Senger, M., Badley, J., Cabotaje, P.R., Jia, R., Duan, Z., Huang, P., Stripp, S.T., Barlow, C.K., Belousoff, M., Shafaat, H.S., Cook, G.M., Schittenhelm, R.B., Vincent, K.A., Khalid, S., Berggren, G., & Greening, C. (2023). Structural basis for bacterial energy extraction from atmospheric hydrogen. Nature, 615, 541—547. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05781-7
12. Hall, N., Wong, W.W., Lappan, R., Ricci, F., Jeppe, K.J., Glud, R.N., Kawaichi, S., Rotaru, A.-E., Greening, C., & Cook, P.L.M. (2025). Coastal methane emissions driven by aerotolerant methanogens using seaweed and seagrass metabolites. Nature Geoscience, 18, 854—861. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01768-3
13. Hutchinson, T.F., Holland, S.R., Clarke, D.A., Ricci, F., Jirapanjawat, T., Leung, P.M., Lappan, R., Liu, W.P.A., Bay, S.K., Bliss, A., McGeoch, M.A., Chown, S.L., & Greening, C. (2026). Resilient Antarctic soil bacteria consume trace gases across wide temperature ranges. The ISME Journal, 20(1), wrag020. https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrag020
14. Jespersen, M., Greening, C., Ernst, L., Leung, P.M., Shafaat, H.S., & Grinter, R. (2025). Diverse lineages and adaptations of oxygen-adapted hydrogenases. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 50(7), 596—609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2025.04.006
15. Kropp, A., Gillett, D.L., Venugopal, H., Gonzálvez, M.A., Lingford, J.P., Jain, S., Barlow, C.K., Zhang, J., Greening, C., & Grinter, R. (2025). Quinone extraction drives atmospheric carbon monoxide oxidation in bacteria. Nature Chemical Biology, 21, 1058—1068. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-025-01836-0
16. Lappan, R., Shelley, G., Islam, Z.F., Leung, P.M., Lockwood, S., Nauer, P.A., Jirapanjawat, T., Ni, G., Chen, Y.-J., Kessler, A.J., Williams, T.J., Cavicchiolo, R., Baltar, F., Cook, P.L.M., Morales, S.E., & Greening, C. (2023). Molecular hydrogen in seawater supports growth of diverse marine bacteria. Nature Microbiology, 8, 581—595. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01322-0
17. Lappan, R., Thakar, J., Molares Moncayo, L., Besser, A., Bradley, J.A., Goordial, J., Trembath-Reichert, E., & Greening, C. (2024). The atmosphere: a transport medium or an active microbial ecosystem? The ISME Journal, 18(1), wrae092. https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrae092
18. Lebre, P.H., Bosch, J., Coclet, C., Hallas, R., Hogg, I.D., Johnson, J., Moon, K.L., Ortiz, M., Rotimi, A., Stevens, M.I., Varliero, G., Convey, P., Vikram, S., Chown, S.L., & Cowan, D.A. (2023). Expanding Antarctic biogeography: Microbial ecology of Antarctic island soils. Ecography, 2023(9), e06568. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06568
19. Martínez-Pérez, C., Greening, C., Bay, S.K., Lappan, R.J., Zhao, Z., De Corte, D., Hulbe, C., Ohneiser, C., Stevens, C., Thomson, B., Stephanauskas, R., González, J.M., Logares, R., Herndl, G.J., Morales, S.E., & Baltar, F. (2022). Phylogenetically and functionally diverse microorganisms reside under the Ross Ice Shelf. Nature Communications, 13, 117. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27769-
20. Martinez‐Rabert, E., Molares Moncayo, L., Trembath‐Reichert, E., Lappan, R., Greening, C., Goordial, J., & Bradley, J.A. (2025). Investigating the Atmospheric Microbial Ecosystem Through Theory, Bioenergetics, and Numerical Modeling: A Breath of Fresh Air for Aeromicrobiology. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 130(8), e2025JG009071. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JG009071
21. Mills, E., Clark, G.F., Simpson, M.J., Baird, M., & Adams, M.P. (2025). A generalised sigmoid population growth model with energy dependence: Application to quantify the tipping point for Antarctic shallow seabed algae. Environmental Modelling & Software, 188, 106397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106397
22. Ni, G., Lappan, R., Hernández, M., Santini, T., Tomkins, A.G., & Greening, C. (2023). Functional basis of primary succession: Traits of the pioneer microbes. Environmental Microbiology, 25(1), 171—176. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.16266
23. Ni, G., Leung, P.M., Daebeler, A., Guo, J., Hu, S., Cook, P., Nicol, G.W., Daims, H., & Greening, C. (2023). Nitrification in acidic and alkaline environments. Essays in Biochemistry, 67(4), 753—768. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20220194
24. Ortiz, M., Leung, P.M., Shelley, G., Jirapanjawat, T., Nauer, P.A., Van Goethem, M.W., Bay, S.K., Islam, Z.F., Jordaan, K., Vikram, S., Chown, S.L., Hogg, I.D., Makhalanyane, T.P., Grinter, R., Cowan, D.A., & Greening, C. (2021). Multiple energy sources and metabolic strategies sustain microbial diversity in Antarctic desert soils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(45), e2025322118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025322118
25. Perera Castro, A.V., Solarte, M.E., Egawa, A., Brito-Gutiérrez, P., Waterman, M.J., Robinson, S.A., Flexas, J., & Gulías, J. (2025). Boundary-line trade-off in bryophytes between UV photoprotection and photosynthetic capacity, but not desiccation tolerance. Annals of Botany, 137(4), 892—906. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf242
26. Ricci, F., Bay, S.K., Nauer, P.A., Wong, W.W., Ni, G., Jimenez, L., Jirapanjawat, T., Leung, P.M., Bradley, J.A., Eate, V.M., Hall, M., Stubbusch, A.K.M., Fernández-Marín, B., De Los Ríos, A., Cook, P.L.M., Schroth, M.H., Chiri, E., & Greening, C. (2025). Metabolically flexible microorganisms rapidly establish glacial foreland ecosystems. Nature Communications, 16(1), 11634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66734-4
27. Ricci, F., & Greening, C. (2024). Chemosynthesis: A neglected foundation of marine ecology and biogeochemistry. Trends in Microbiology, 32, 631—639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2023.11.013
28. Ricci, F., Leung, P.M., Hutchinson, T., Nguyen-Dinh, T., Frank, A.H., Hood, A.V.S., Salazar, V.W., Eate, V., Wong, W.W., Cook, P.L.M., Greening, C., & McClelland, H. (2025). Chemosynthesis enhances net primary production and nutrient cycling in a hypersaline microbial mat. The ISME Journal, 19(1), wraf117. https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wraf117
29. Soom, S., Moning, S.U., Cook, G.M., Lingford, J.P., Kropp, A., Tran, S., Grinter, R., Greening, C., & Von Ballmoos, C. (2025). ATP synthesis driven by atmospheric hydrogen concentrations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(30), e2506353122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2506353122
30. Tytgat, B., Verleyen, E., Sweetlove, M., Van den Berge, K., Pinseel, E., Hodgson, D.A., Chown, S.L., Sabbe, K., Wilmotte, A., Willems, A., The Polar Lake Sampling Consortium, & Vyverman, W. (2023). Polar lake microbiomes have distinct evolutionary histories. Science Advances, 9, eade7130. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade7130
31. Valentin-Alvarado, L.E., Appler, K.E., De Anda, V., Schoelmerich, M.C., West-Roberts, J., Kivenson, V., Crits-Christoph, A., Ly, L., Sachdeva, R., Greening, C., Savage, D.F., Baker, B.J., & Banfield, J.F. (2024). Asgard archaea modulate potential methanogenesis substrates in wetland soil. Nature Communications, 15, 6384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49872-z
32. Varliero, G., Lebre, P.H., Adams, B., Chown, S.L., Convey, P., Dennis, P.G., Fan, D., Ferrari, B., Frey, B., Hogg, I.D., Hopkins, D.W., Kong, W., Makhalanyane, T., Matcher, G., Newsham, K.K., Stevens, M.I., Weigh, K., & Cowan, D.A. (2024). Biogeographic survey of soil bacterial communities across Antarctica. Microbiome, 12, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-023-01719-3
33. Varliero, G., Lebre, P.H., Stevens, M.I., Czechowski, P., Makhalanyane, T., & Cowan, D.A. (2023). The use of different 16S rRNA gene variable regions in biogeographical studies. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 15(3), 216—228. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.13145
34. Wood, J.L., Malik, A.A., Greening, C., Green, P.T., McGeoch, M.A., & Franks, A.E. (2023). Rethinking CSR theory to incorporate microbial metabolic diversity and foraging traits. The ISME Journal, 17(11), 1793—1797. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-023-01486-x
35. Xu, Y., Teng, Y., Liao, J., Leung, P.M., Dai, S., Sun, Y., Hu, W., Wang, H., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Guo, Z., Pan, X., Dong, X., Luo, Y., & Greening, C. (2025). Carbon Monoxide Exposure Stimulates Growth and Activity of Primary Producers in Diverse Soil Ecosystems. Environmental Science & Technology, 59(10), 17581—17594. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c02881

Theme 3 Supporting Environmental Stewardship

T3.1 Conservation Planning

1. Carter, Z.T., Bode, M., Chown, S.L., Burrows, J.L., Shaw, J.D., Walsh, J.C., Burgman, M.A., Cassey, P., & Wilson, K.A. (2025). Emerging threats to Antarctic conservation. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 9, 1885—1896. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-025-02814-4
2. Clarke, D.A., Clarke, R.H., & McGeoch, M.A. (2025). How to Identify Priority Sites for Invasive Alien Species Policy and Management. Diversity and Distributions, 31(1), e13970. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13970
3. Cooke, S.J., Bergman, J.N., Madliger, C.L., … Robinson, S.A., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Rummer, J.L., Seebacher, F., Todgham, A.E., Tomlinson, S., & Chown, S.L. (2021). One hundred research questions in conservation physiology for generating actionable evidence to inform conservation policy and practice. Conservation Physiology, 9(1), coab009. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab009
4. Bode, M., Choukroun, S., Emslie, M.J., Harrison, H.B., Leis, J.M., Mason, L.B., Srinivasan, M., Williamson, D.H., & Jones, G.P. (2025). Marine reserves contribute half of the larval supply to a coral reef fishery. Science Advances, 11(6), eadt0216. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adt0216
5. Brooks, C.M., Ainley, D.G., Jacquet, J., Chown, S.L., Pertierra, L.R., Francis, E., Roger, A., Chavez-Molina, V., Teh, L., & Sumaila, U.R. (2022). Protect global values of the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Science, 378(6619), 477—479. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add9480
6. Burrows, J.L., Lee, J.R., & Wilson, K.A. (2023). Evaluating the conservation impact of Antarctica’s protected areas. Conservation Biology, 37(3), e14059. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14059
7. Gilbert, J.A., Peixoto, R.S., Scholz, A.H., Dominguez Bello, M.G., Korsten, L., Berg, G., Singh, B., Boetius, A., Wang, F., Greening, C., Wrighton, K., Bordenstein, S., Jansson, J.K., Lennon, J.T., Souza, V., Thomas, T., Cowan, D., Crowther, T.W., Nguyen, N., … Redford, K. (2025). Launching the IUCN Microbial Conservation Specialist Group as a global safeguard for microbial biodiversity. Nature Microbiology, 10, 2359—2360. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-025-02113-5
8. Gilbert, J.A., Scholz, A.H., Dominguez Bello, M.G., Korsten, L., Berg, G., Singh, B.K., Boetius, A., Wang, F., Greening, C., Wrighton, K., Bordenstein, S.R., Jansson, J., Lennon, J.T., Souza, V., Allard, S.M., Thomas, T., Cowan, D., Crowther, T.W., Nguyen, N., … Peixoto, R. (2025). Safeguarding microbial biodiversity: Microbial conservation specialist group within the species survival commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The ISME Journal, 19(1), wraf239. https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wraf239
9. Lau, S.C.Y., Strugnell, J.M., Umbrello, L.S., Carvajal, J.I., Rouse, G.W., Davis, R.A., Johnson, C.M., & Wilson, N.G. (2026). Genetic hotspots for conserving Southern Ocean benthic biodiversity. Current Biology, 36(5), 1310—1319.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2026.01.040
10. Lee, J.R., Shaw, J.D., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Terauds, A., & Chown, S.L. (2024). Conservation features of the terrestrial Antarctic Peninsula. Ambio, 53, 1037—1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-024-02009-4
11. Leihy, R.I., McGeoch, M.A., Clarke, D.A., Peake, L., Buba, Y., Belmaker, J., & Chown, S.L. (2025). Antarctic biosecurity policy effectively manages the rates of alien introductions. Earth’s Future, 13(4), e2024EF005405. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005405
12. Lerner, I., Botelho, L.L., Kristensen, N.P., & Bode, M. (2026). Voting Systems Influence Conservation Outcomes for International Fisheries. Conservation Letters, 19(1), e70016. https://doi.org/10.1111/con4.70016
13. Lubiana Botelho, L., Jeynes‐Smith, C., Vollert, S.A., & Bode, M. (2025). Calibrated Ecosystem Models Cannot Predict the Consequences of Conservation Management Decisions. Ecology Letters, 28(1), e70034. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.70034
14. Pascal, L.V., Chadès, I., Adams, M.P., & Helmstedt, K.J. (2025). Developing new technologies to protect ecosystems: Planning with adaptive management. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(39), e2422002122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422002122
15. Perry, F., Avila, C., Griffiths, H., & Hughes, K. (2026). Vessel biofouling management in Antarctica. Antarctic Environmental Portal. https://doi.org/10.48361/5D4B-W005
16. Perry, F., Cassey, P., Chown, S.L., Holland, O., Shaw, J.D., Stark, J.S., Yaryab, P., & McCarthy, A. (2026). A framework for managing Antarctica’s biofouling risks. Marine Policy, 183, 106896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106896
17. Phillips, L.M., Leihy, R.I., & Chown, S.L. (2022). Improving species-based area protection in Antarctica. Conservation Biology, 36, e13885. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13885
18. Pettorelli, N., Gaston, K.J., Barlow, J., Araújo, M.B., Bustamante, M.M.C., Chown, S.L., Diele-Viegas, L.M., Laurance, W.F., Lees, A.C., Melo, F.P.L., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Pecl, G., & Sousa-Pinto, I. (2025). Six actions for ecologists in times of planetary crisis. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 9, 1300—1301. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-025-02759-8
19. Schneller, N.M., Strugnell, J.M., Field, M.A., Johannesson, K., & Cooke, I. (2025). Putting structural variants into practice: The role of chromosomal inversions in the management of marine environments. Molecular Ecology, 34(23), e17776. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17776
20. Senigaglia, V., Hatton MacDonald, D., Stoeckl, N., Tian, J., Leane, E., Adams, V., Baird, R., Boothroyd, A., Constanza, R., Fulton, E.A., Hartman, S., Kubiszewski, I., Nielsen, H., & Ooi, C.S. (2025). Managing tourism in Antarctica: impacts, forecasts, and suitable economic instruments. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 34(2), 382—402. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2025.2488958
21. Siegert, M., Sevestre, H., Bentley, M.J., Brigham-Grette, J., Burgess, H., Buzzard, S., Cavitte, M., Chown, S.L., Colleoni, F., DeConto, R.M., Fricker, H.A., Gasson, E., Grant, S.M., Gulisano, A.M., Hancock, S., Hendry, K.R., Henley, S.F., Hock, R., Hughes, K.A., Karentz, D., Kirkham, J.D., Kulessa, B., Larter, R.D., Mackintosh, A., Masson-Delmotte, V., McCormack, F.S., Millman, H., Mottram, R., Moon, T.A., Naish, T., Nath, C., Orlove, B., Pearson, P., Rogelj, J., Rumble, J., Seabrook, S., Silvano, A., Sommerkorn, M., Stearns, L.A., Stokes, C.R., Stroeve, J., & Truffer, M. (2025). Safeguarding the polar regions from dangerous geoengineering: A critical assessment of proposed concepts and future prospects. Frontiers in Science, 3, 1527393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsci.2025.1527393
22. Stewart, O., & Bode, M. (2025). Marine spatial management in the face of variable larval dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 772, 123—136. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14963
23. Stoeckl, N., Adams, V., Baird, R., Boothroyd, A., Costanza, R., Finau, G., Fulton, E.A., Hatton MacDonald, D., King, M.A., Kubiszewski, I., Leane, E., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Nielsen, H.E.F., Ooi, C.-S., Raghavan, M., Senigaglia, V., Tian, J., & Yamazaki, S. (2025). Governance challenges to protect globally important ecosystem services of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 82(1), fsae163. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsae163

T3.2 Strategic Monitoring Frameworks and Technology

1. Akinlotan, M.D., Warne, D.J., Helmstedt, K.J., Vollert, S.A., Chadès, I., Heneghan, R.F., Xiao, H., & Adams, M.P. (2024). Beyond expected values: Making environmental decisions using value of information analysis when measurement outcome matters. Ecological Indicators, 160, 111828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111828
2. Fierer, N., Leung, P.M., Lappan, R., Eisenhofer, R., Ricci, F., Holland, S.I., Dragone, N., Blackall, L.L., Dong, X., Dorador, C., Ferrari, B.C., Goordial, J., Holmes, S.P., Inagaki, F., Korem, T., Li, S.S., Makhalanyane, T.P., Metcalf, J.L., Nagarajan, N., … Greening, C. (2025). Guidelines for preventing and reporting contamination in low-biomass microbiome studies. Nature Microbiology, 10, 1570–1580. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-025-02035-2
3. Groom, Q., Abraham, L., Adriaens, T., Breugelmans, L., Clarke, D.A., … & Desmet, P. (2025). Creating the vision of rapid, repeatable, reactive data workflows for policy on biodiversity. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 6(3), e70113. https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.70113
4. Holden, M.H., Akinlotan, M.D., Binley, A.D., Cho, F.H.T., Helmstedt, K.J., & Chadès, I. (2024). Why shouldn’t I collect more data? Reconciling disagreements between intuition and value of information analyses. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 15(9), 1580—1592. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14391
5. Holden, M.H., Plagányi, E.E., Fulton, E.A., Campbell, A.B., Janes, R., Lovett, R.A., Wickens, M., Adams, M.P., Botelho, L.L., Dichmont, C.M., Erm, P., Helmstedt, K.J., Heneghan, R.F., Mendiolar, M., Richardson, A.J., Rogers, J.G.D., Saunders, K., & Timms, L. (2024). Cost–benefit analysis of ecosystem modeling to support fisheries management. Journal of Fish Biology, 104(6), 1667—1674. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15741
6. Hughes, K.A., Convey, P., & Lee, J.R. (2025). Status assessment of non-native terrestrial species in Antarctica. NeoBiota, 98, 197—222. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.98.139894
7. McGeoch, M.A., & Gonzalez, F. (2025). Integrate Remote Sensing Into Ecological Research to Realise Its Potential for Monitoring in the Antarctic. Global Change Biology, 31(8), e70409. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70409
8. Montes-Herrera, J.C., Hill, N., Cummings, V.J., Johnstone, G., Stark, J.S., & Lucieer, V.L. (2024). Remote sensing of Antarctic polychaete reefs (Serpula narconensis): reproducible workflows for quantifying benthic structural complexity with action cameras, remotely operated vehicles and structure-from-motion photogrammetry. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 10(1), 72—90. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.358
9. Onley, I.R., Cassey, P., & McGeoch, M.A. (2025). Biodiversity data sharing platforms are vital for the management and prevention of biological invasions. Biodiversity and Conservation, 34, 1234—1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-025-03058-1
10. Perry, F., Shaw, J.D., Cassey, P., Coutts, A., Lewis, P.N., MacDonald, A.J., Polanowski, A.M., Stark, J.S., & Suter, L. (2026). Passive environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling is effective for monitoring vessel biofouling in the Southern Ocean. Science of The Total Environment, 1013, 181230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181230

T3.3 Optimal Monitoring

1. Gonzalez, A., Vihervaara, P., Balvanera, P., … McGeoch, M., … & Zambrana Torrelio, C. (2023). A global biodiversity observing system to unite monitoring and guide action. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 7, 1947—1952. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02171-0
2. Helmstedt, K.J., Holden, M.H., Baker, C.M., Elliot-Kerr, S., Greiner, A., Hudgins, E.J., Shea, K., Tulloch, A.I.T., Young, A.R., Zhang, L., & Possingham, H.P. (2025). How monitoring matters for nature conservation: 15 reasons framed in a theory of change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 292(2061), 20252527. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.2527
3. Jones, S.L., King, D.H., Cummings, V.J., Robinson, S.A., & Waterman, M.J. (2025). Research Bias in Long‐Term Monitoring of Antarctic Nearshore Marine and Terrestrial Biota. Global Change Biology, 31(8), e70392. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70392
4. Leadley, P., McGeoch, M., Mori, A.S., Nicholson, E., Ochoa, J.M., Öllerer, K., Polasky, S., Rondinini, C., Schroer, S., Selomane, O., Shen, X., Strassburg, B., Sumaila, U.R., Tittensor, D.P., Turak, E., Urbina, L., Vallejos, M., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Verburg, P.H., Visconti, P., Woodley, S., & Xu, J. (2022). Achieving global biodiversity goals by 2050 requires urgent and integrated actions. One Earth, 5(6), 597—603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.05.009
5. Lee, J.R., Terauds, A., Carwardine, J., Shaw, J.D., Fuller, R.A., Possingham, H.P., Chown, S.L., Convey, P., Gilbert, N., Hughes, K.A., McIvor, E., Robinson, S.A., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Bergstrom, D.M., Biersma, E.M., Christian, C., Cowan, D.A., Frenot, Y., Jenouvrier, S., Kelley, L., Lee, M.J., Lynch, H.J., Njåstad, B., Quesada, A., Roura, R.M., Shaw, E.A., Stanwell-Smith, D., Tsujimoto, M., Wall, D.H., Wilmotte, A., & Chadès, I. (2022). Threat management priorities for conserving Antarctic biodiversity. PLoS Biology, 20(12), e3001921. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001921
6. Patterson, C.R., Helmstedt, K.J., Terauds, A., & Shaw, J.D. (2025). A multidimensional assessment of Antarctic terrestrial biological data. Diversity and Distributions, 31(1), e13909. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13909

T3.4 Visualising Geopolitics

1. Bode, M., Johnson, C., Mackintosh, A., Hamilton, R., Karim, M.S., & Chown, S.L. (2026). The Antarctic Treaty System needs a disaster management authority to guard the continent against disasters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 123(20), e2535757123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2535757123
2. Chown, S.L., Bastmeijer, K., Brooks, C.M., Gilbert, N., Phillips, L.M., & Shibata, A. (2024). Science advice for international governance — An evidence-based perspective on the role of SCAR in the Antarctic Treaty System. Marine Policy, 163, 106143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106143
3. Gardiner, N.B., Gilbert, N., Liggett, D., & Bode, M. (2025). Measuring the performance of Antarctic Treaty decision-making. Conservation Biology, 39(1), e14349. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14349
4. Janssen, A.R., Badhe, R., Bransome, N.C., Bricher, P., Cavanagh, R., de Bruin, T., Elshout, P., Grant, S., Griffin, E., Grilly, E., Henley, S.F., Hofmann, E.E., Johnston, N.M., Karentz, D., Kent, R., Lynnes, A., Martin, T., Miloslavic, P., Murphy, E., Nolan, J.E., Sikes, E., Sparrow, M., Tacoma, M., Williams, M.J.M., Arata, J.A., Bowman, J., Corney, S., Lau, S.C.Y., Manno, C., Mohan, R., Nielsen, H., van Leeuwe, M.A., Waller, C., Xavier, J.C., & Van de Putte, A.P. (2022). The Southern Ocean Action Plan. United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. https://www.sodecade.org/action-plan/southern-ocean-action-plan/
5. Senigaglia, V., Hatton MacDonald, D., Stoeckl, N., Tian, J., Leane, E., Adams, V., Baird, R., Boothroyd, A., Constanza, R., Fulton, E.A., Hartman, S., Kubiszewski, I., Nielsen, H., & Ooi, C.S. (2025). Managing tourism in Antarctica: impacts, forecasts, and suitable economic instruments. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 34(2), 382—402. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2025.2488958
6. Stoeckl, N., Adams, V., Baird, R., Boothroyd, A., Costanza, R., Finau, G., Fulton, E.A., Hatton MacDonald, D., King, M.A., Kubiszewski, I., Leane, E., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Nielsen, H.E.F., Ooi, C.-S., Raghavan, M., Senigaglia, V., Tian, J., & Yamazaki, S. (2025). Governance challenges to protect globally important ecosystem services of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 82(1), fsae163. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsae163
7. Stoeckl, N., Adams, V., Baird, R., Boothroyd, A., Costanza, R., Hatton McDonald, D., Finau, G., Fulton, E.A., King, M.A., Kubiszewski, I., Lannuzel, D., Leane, E., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Nielsen, H., Ooi, C.-S., Raghavan, M., Senigaglia, V., Tian, J., & Yamazaki, S. (2024). The value of Antarctic and Southern Ocean ecosystem services. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 5, 153—155. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00523-3

Theme 4 Integration

T4.1 Quantifying Uncertainty

1. Choukroun, S., Stewart, O.B., Mason, L.B., & Bode, M. (2025). Larval dispersal predictions are highly sensitive to hydrodynamic modelling choices. Coral Reefs, 44(1), 1—13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-024-02563-z
2. Clarke, D.A., Wilson, N.G., & McGeoch, M.A. (2025). Effects of Taxonomic Uncertainty on Range Size and Niche Estimation in a Southern Ocean Cryptic Species Complex. Journal of Biogeography, 52(9), e15182. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.15182
3. Dehling, D.M., Lai, H.R., & Stouffer, D.B. (2025). Eltonian Niche Modelling: Applying Joint Hierarchical Niche Models to Ecological Networks. Ecology Letters, 28(6), e70120. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.70120
4. Gopalan, G., Zammit-Mangion, A., & McCormack, F. (2023). A Review of Bayesian Modelling in Glaciology. In: Hrafnkelsson, B. (eds) Statistical Modeling Using Bayesian Latent Gaussian Models. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39791-2_2
5. Lubiana Botelho, L., Jeynes‐Smith, C., Vollert, S.A., & Bode, M. (2025). Calibrated Ecosystem Models Cannot Predict the Consequences of Conservation Management Decisions. Ecology Letters, 28(1), e70034. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.70034
6. Pascal, L.V., Vollert, S.A., Bimler, M.D., Baker, C.M., Vernet, M., Canessa, S., Drovandi, C., & Adams, M.P. (2025). EEMtoolbox: A user‐friendly R package for flexible ensemble ecosystem modelling. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 16(5), 921—929. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70032
7. Patterson, C.R., Zheng, X., Foster, S.D., & Helmstedt, K.J. (2025). Transferring species distribution models to understudied systems: Does data integration help? Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 16(12), 3008—3021. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70178
8. Roberts, J.L., Jong, L.M., McCormack, F.S., Kiem, A.S., Curran, M.A.J., Moy, A.D., Macha, J.M.A., Plummer, C.T., French, W.J.R., & Ommen, T.D.V. (2025). Segmented linear integral correlation Kernel ensemble reconstruction: A new method for climate reconstructions with applications to Holocene era proxies from an East Antarctic ice core. PLOS ONE, 20(4), e0318825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318825
9. Vu, B.A., Gunawan, D., & Zammit-Mangion, A. (2024). R-VGAL: a sequential variational Bayes algorithm for generalised linear mixed models. Statistics and Computing, 34, 110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-024-10422-8
10. Vu, B.A., Gunawan, D., & Zammit-Mangion, A. (2026). Recursive variational Gaussian approximation with the Whittle likelihood for linear non-Gaussian state space models. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 218, 108324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2025.108324
11. Vu, Q., Zammit-Mangion, A., & Chuter, S. (2023). Constructing large nonstationary spatio-temporal covariance models via compositional warpings. Spatial Statistics, 54, 100742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta.2023.100742
12. Zheng, X., Cressie, N., Clarke, D.A., McGeoch, M.A., & Zammit-Mangion, A. (2025). Spatial-statistical downscaling with uncertainty quantification in biodiversity modelling. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 16(4), 837—853. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14505

T4.2 Sensing Platform Technologies

1. Amarasingam, N., Sandino, J., Doshi, A., King, D., Blackman, E., Barthélemy, J., Bollard, B., Robinson, S.A., & Gonzalez, F. (2025). Detection and mapping of Antarctic lichen using drones, multispectral cameras, and supervised deep learning. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 141, 104577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104577
2. Debnath, D., Vanegas, F., Sandino, J., Hawary, A.F., & Gonzalez, F.A. (2024). A Review of UAV Path-Planning Algorithms and Obstacle Avoidance Methods for Remote Sensing Applications. Remote Sensing, 16(21), 4019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16214019
3. Galvez-Serna, J., Vanegas, F., Brar, S., Sandino, J., Flannery, D., & Gonzalez, F. (2022). UAV4PE: An Open-Source Framework to Plan UAV Autonomous Missions for Planetary Exploration. Drones, 6(12), 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6120391
4. Gorry, B., Sandino, J., Moghadam, P., Gonzalez, F., & Roberts, J. (2026). Advances in Machine Learning Approaches for UAV-Based Remote Sensing in Data-Deficient Antarctic Environments. Remote Sensing, 18(3), 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18030459
5. Keerthinathan, P., Sandino, J., Mahendren, S., Uthayasooriyan, A., Galvez, J., Hamilton, G., & Gonzalez, F. (2025). Advancing Real-Time Aerial Wildfire Detection Through Plume Recognition and Knowledge Distillation. Drones, 9(12), 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9120827
6. Lockhart, K., Sandino, J., Amarasingam, N., Hann, R., Bollard, B., & Gonzalez, F. (2025). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Real-Time Vegetation Monitoring in Antarctica: A Review. Remote Sensing, 17(2), 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17020304
7. Platel, A., Sandino, J., Shaw, J., Bollard, B., & Gonzalez, F. (2025). Advancing sparse vegetation monitoring in the Arctic and Antarctic: A review of satellite and UAV remote sensing, machine learning, and sensor fusion. Remote Sensing, 17(9), 1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091513
8. Raniga, D., Amarasingam, N., Sandino, J., Doshi, A., Barthélemy, J., Randall, K., Robinson, S.A., Gonzalez, F., & Bollard, B. (2024). Monitoring of Antarctica’s fragile vegetation using drone-based remote sensing, multispectral imagery and AI. Sensors, 24(4), 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041063
9. Sandino, J., Barthélemy, J., Doshi, A., Randall, K., Robinson, S.A., Bollard, B., & Gonzalez, F. (2025). Drone hyperspectral imaging and artificial intelligence for monitoring moss and lichen in Antarctica. Scientific Reports, 15, 27244. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11535-4
10. Sandino, J., Bollard, B., Doshi, A., Randall, K., Barthélemy, J., Robinson, S.A., & Gonzalez, F.A. (2023). A Green Fingerprint of Antarctica: Drones, Hyperspectral Imaging, and Machine Learning for Moss and Lichen Classification. Remote Sensing, 15(24), 5658. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245658
11. Saunders, K.R., Forbes, O., Hopf, J.K., Patterson, C.R., Vollert, S.A., Brown, K., Browning, R., Canizares, M.A., Cottrell, R.S., Li, L., Kim, C.J.S., Stewart, T.P., Susilawati, C., Zhao, X.Y., & Helmstedt, K.J. (2025). Data-driven recommendations for enhancing real-time natural hazard warnings. One Earth, 8(5), 101274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101274
12. Spillias, S., Trebilco, R., Adams, M.P., Boschetti, F., Constable, A., Dunstan, P., Ferrier, S., Porobic, J., Grimberg, E., Grigg, N., Harfoot, M., Hirsch, P., Hobday, A. J., Holden, M., Hutton, T., Kaur, S., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Paris, C., Parker, D., … Fulton, E.A. (2026). The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Ecosystem Modeling. BioScience, 76(1), 57—70. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaf169
13. Turner, D., Cimoli, E., Lucieer, A., Haynes, R.S., Randall, K., Waterman, M.J., Lucieer, V., & Robinson, S.A. (2024). Mapping water content in drying Antarctic moss communities using UAS‐borne SWIR imaging spectroscopy. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 10(3), 296—311. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.371

T4.3 Rapid Information Deployment

1. Hughes, K., Lowther, A., Gilbert, N., Waluda, C., & Lee, J. (2023). Communicating the best available science to inform Antarctic policy and management: A practical introduction for researchers. Antarctic Science, 35(6), 438—472. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095410202300024X
2. Hughes, K.A., Santos, M., Caccavo, J.A., Chignell, S.M., Gardiner, N.B., Gilbert, N., Howkins, A., Jansen Van Vuuren, B., Lee, J.R., Liggett, D., Lowther, A., Lynch, H., Quesada, A., Shin, H.C., Soutullo, A., & Terauds, A. (2022). Ant-ICON — Integrated Science to Inform Antarctic and Southern Ocean Conservation: a new SCAR Scientific Research Programme. Antarctic Science, 34(6), 446—455. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000402
3. Lappan, R., Chown, S.L., French, M., Perlaza-Jiménez, L., Macesic, N., Davis, M., Brown, R., Cheng, A., Clasen, T., Conlan, L., Goddard, F., Henry, R., Knight, D.R., Li, F., Luby, S., Lyras, D., Ni, G., Rice, S.A., Short, F., Song, J., Whittaker, A., Leder, K., Lithgow, T., & Greening, C. (2024). Towards integrated cross-sectoral surveillance of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance: Needs, approaches, and considerations for linking surveillance to action. Environment International, 192, 109046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109046
4. Smith, P., Beaumont, L., Bernacchi, C.J., Byrne, M., Cheung, W., Conant, R.T., Cotrufo, F., Feng, X., Janssens, I., Jones, H., Kirschbaum, M.U.F., Kobayashi, K., LaRoche, J., Luo, Y., McKechnie, A., Peñuelas, J., Piao, S., Robinson, S., Sage, R.F., Sugget, D.J., Thackery, S.J., Way, D., & Long, S.P. (2022). Essential outcomes for COP26. Global Change Biology, 28(1), 1—3. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15926

T5 Workforce Topic Flexibility

1. Barreto, E., A. Boehm, M.M., Ogutcen, E., Abrahamczyk, S., Kessler, M., Bascompte, J., Dellinger, A.S., Bello, C., Dehling, D.M., Duchenne, F., Kaehler, M., Lagomarsino, L.P., Lohmann, L.G., Maglianesi, M.A., Morlon, H., Muchhala, N., Ornelas, J.F., Perret, M., Salinas, N.R., & Graham, C.H. (2024). Macroevolution of the plant–hummingbird pollination system. Biological Reviews, 99(5), 1831—1847. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.13094
2. Dehling, D.M., & Dehling, J.M. (2023). Elevated alpha diversity in disturbed sites obscures regional decline and homogenization of amphibian taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity. Scientific Reports, 13, 1710. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27946-0
3. Gerber, L., Peters, K.J., King, S.L., Allen, S.J., Connor, R.C., Forbes, O., Holmes, K.G., Kearns, A.M., Willems, E.P., Krützen, M., & Rollins, L.A. (2025). Social bonds decrease epigenetic age in male bottlenose dolphins. Communications Biology, 8, 1765. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-09227-w
4. Hamilton, R., Waldie, P., Clark, T.D., Matawai, M., Thomas, M., Kinch, J., Tovaboda, E., & Bode, M. (2025). Conservation and Commerce: Managing Small-Scale Fisheries for Ecological and Livelihood Benefits. Conservation Letters, 18(6), e70011. https://doi.org/10.1111/con4.70011
5. Hanninger, E.-M.F., Peters, K.J., Gerber, L., Barratclough, A., Betty, E.L., Palmer, E.I., Horvath, S., & Stockin, K.A. (2025). Dental Ageing Offers New Insights Into the First Epigenetic Clock for Common Dolphins (Delphinus delphis). Ecology and Evolution, 15(11), e72424. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72424 
6. Hearn, L.R., Stevens, M.I., & Schwarz, M.P. (2023). The presence of a guard vicariously drives split sex ratios in a facultatively social bee. Biology Letters, 19(3), 20220528. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0528
7. Islam, Z.F., Greening, C., & Hu, H.-W. (2023). Microbial hydrogen cycling in agricultural systems – plant beneficial or detrimental? Microbial Biotechnology, 16(8), 1623—1628. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14300
8. Kumladze, R., Tielidze, L., Gamkrelidze, M., Cook, S.J., & Giorgadze, A. (2024). Geology of the Mulkhura River Valley, Georgian Caucasus. Geosciences, 14(12), 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14120341
9. Li, H., & Greening, C. (2022). Termite-engineered microbial communities of termite nest structures: a new dimension to the extended phenotype. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 46(6), fuac034. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuac034
10. Martins, L.P., Stouffer, D.B., Blendinger, P.G., … Dehling, D.M., … & Tylianakis, J.M. (2022). Global and regional ecological boundaries explain abrupt spatial discontinuities in avian frugivory interactions. Nature Communications, 13, 6943. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34355-w
11. Martins, L.P., Stouffer, D.B., Blendinger, P.G., … Dehling, D.M., … & Tylianakis, J.M. (2024). Birds optimize fruit size consumed near their geographic range limits. Science, 385(6706), 331—336. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj1856
12. Mondol, M.A.H., Zhu, X., Dunkerley, D., & Henley, B.J. (2022). Changing occurrence of crop water surplus or deficit and the impact of irrigation: An analysis highlighting consequences for rice production in Bangladesh. Agricultural Water Management, 269, 107695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107695
13. Mondol, M.A.H., Zhu, X., Dunkerley, D., & Henley, B.J. (2024). Living with technological drought: Experience of smallholding farmers of Bangladesh. Environmental Development, 50, 100985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2024.100985
14. Rocha, B., Matos, P., Giordani, P., Casanelles-Abella, J., Moretti, M., Deguines, N., Laanisto, L., Alós Ortí, M., Tryjanowski, P., Hallikma, T., Branquinho, C., & Pinho, P. (2026). Non-linear responses of ecological indicators to urban environmental drivers across Europe. Journal of Environmental Management, 404, 129316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129316
15. Stockin, K.A., Peters, K.J., Saltré, F., Machovsky-Capuska, G.E., Betty, E.L., Tremblay, L.A., & Yi, S. (2025). No place to hide: Marine habitat does not determine per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in odontocetes. Science of The Total Environment, 1007, 180701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180701
16. Tsikaridze, N., Mgeladze, A., Aghapishvili, T., Tielidze, L., … & Nioradze, G. (2025). Middle and early Upper Paleolithic settlement of the Georgian Caucasus: A general perspective. Quaternary Science Reviews, 368, 109556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109556